Više od pet desetljeća istraživanja re- produktivne biologije omogućilo je razvoj biotehnoloških postupaka koji povećavaju učinkovitost mesnog i mliječnog govedar- stva. Ovi postupci omogućuju ...manipulaciju gametama i zametcima u svrhu poboljšanja plodnosti i genetskog napretka. Usvajanje i primjena postupaka asistirane reproduk- cije u rasplođivanju krava ima dalekosežne posljedice u komercijalnom uzgoju stoke. Umjetno osjemenjivanje, embriotransfer i proizvodnja zametaka in vitro tehnologije su koje se sustavno primjenjuju u uzgojnim pro- gramima diljem svijeta omogućavajući brzi genetski napredak, skraćenje generacijskog intervala, kontrolu zaraznih bolesti i sman- jenje proizvodnih troškova. Umjetno os- jemenjivanje desetljećima je najisplativiji i najkorišteniji način širenja poželjnog geno- ma. Embriotransfer je tijekom posljednjih 30 godina postao međunarodno prihvaćena metoda rasplođivanja s preko 500 000 zam- etaka proizvedenih in vivo godišnje. Propisi Međunarodnog društva za embriotransfer vezani uz sanitarnu kontrolu proizvodnje za- metaka omogućuju siguran transport in vivo proizvedenih zametaka, bez rizika od širenja zaraznih bolesti. Od ukupnog broja zametaka, oko 15% godišnje ih se proizvodi in vitro. Ova tehnologija omogućuje dobivanje zametaka od plotkinja visoke genetske vrijednosti koje ne mogu dati potomstvo prirodnim putem, a zbog veće učinkovitosti s vremenom bi mo- gla zamijeniti klasične programe MOET-a. Postupci asistirane reprodukcije poput em- briotransfera i in vitro proizvodnje zametaka zajedno s krioprezervacijom, od izuzetne su važnosti u očuvanju izvornih i ugroženih pasmina goveda. Njihova primjena nezaobi- lazna je u programima uspostave banke gena koji pomažu u očuvanju farmskih genetskih resursa. Osim navedenog, ove biotehnologi- je povećavaju ponudu visokokvalitetne stoke te primjenu naprednih biotehnologija. Određivanje spola spermija i zametaka nudi stočarima mogućnost odabira spola teleta, a time i isplativiju proizvodnju mesa i mli- jeka. Napredne biotehnologije poput kloni- ranja i transgeneze imaju veliki potencijal u rasplođivanju, no zbog troškova i loših rezultata one se uglavnom koriste u istraživanjima te u farmaceutskoj industriji.
Numerous studies have pointed to the importance of early childhood education and care (ECEC) for the development of children’s cognitive skills and their preparation for school, with the ECEC effect ...generally being stronger for the children coming from the families of lower socioeconomic status (SES). Empirical analyses of social inequalities in access to education and school achievement in Croatia have been primarily focussed on the later stages of schooling, while the ECEC area remains unexplored. The aim of this paper was to establish patterns of association between ECEC attendance and the cognitive achievements of children aged 10 and 15 in Croatia. More specifically, using the data collected for Croatia within the several waves of the PISA and TIMSS studies (2009–2015), we examined whether there was a link between ECEC attendance and subsequent level of cognitive skills in mathematics, reading and natural sciences (general positive contribution), and whether this effect differed with respect to parents’ SES (compensatory effect). The analysis did not support the compensatory effect hypothesis, but in most cases a certain general contribution of long-term ECEC attendance to the cognitive achievements of pupils was found (ranging from one-fifth to one-tenth of the span of a single “level of proficiency” in TIMSS and PISA tests) which cannot be explained by parents’ education or profession, migration background, household composition or local environment features. Observed within the context of the Croatian ECEC system and huge inequalities found in the frequency and duration of children’s ECEC attendance in regards to parents’ SES, the paper additionally points to the mechanism of effective maintenance of education inequalities in Croatia, which may be reduced by further expansion of the ECEC system.
Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas Lietuvos TSR gyventojų natūraliojo prieaugio kitimas pokario laikotarpiu. Remiantis gyventojų mirtingumo dinamikos duomenimis daroma išvada, kad dabartiniu laikotarpiu ir ...artimiausiais metais Lietuvos TSR natūraliojo prieaugio lygis didžiąja dalimi bus sąlygotas gimstamumo lygio. Pagrindinė straipsnio dalis skirta gimstamumo pokyčių dėsningumams analizuoti. Nagrinėjama, kokį poveikį gimstamumo lygiui turi moters socialinė padėtis, materialinių ir kultūrinių poreikių patenkinimo lygis, urbanizacija ir kiti veiksniai. Gimstamumo lygio mažėjimas būdingas ne tik Lietuvos TSR, bet ir visai Tarybų Sąjungai. Daroma išvada, kad pokario metais Lietuvoje vyksta išplėstinė gyventojų reprodukcija, bet ji kasmet vyksta vis siauresniu pagrindu. Statistiniai duomenys rodo, kad jei nepasikeis gimimų lygis, tai yra pavojus, jog Lietuvos TSR bus pereita prie paprastos, o gal net ir susiaurintos gyventojų reprodukcijos.
Straipsnyje aptariami socialiniai psichologiniai gimstamumo aspektai Lietuvoje. Atliktos apklausos ir tyrimai parodė, kad krašte vyrauja pastovi gimstamumo mažėjimo tendencija. Pagal Sąjunginį 1959 ...m. gyventojų surašymą vidutinis šeimos dydis Lietuvoje buvo 3,6, pagal 1970 m. surašymą – 3,4, o pagal paskutinį 1979 m. surašymą – jau tik 3,3 žmogaus. Vaikų poreikis, kaip ir bet kuris kitas socialinis poreikis, yra specifinio reprodukcinio elgesio varomoji jėga. Vaikų poreikio mažėjimas glaudžiai susijęs su sutuoktinių nešeiminėmis orientacijomis. Šį ryšį rodo tai, kad faktinio, laukiamo ir pageidaujamo vaikų skaičiaus rodikliai mažesni protinio darbo darbuotojų šeimose. Mažiau vaikų turi, laukia ir pageidauja tos šeimos, kuriose sutuoktinių išsimokslinimas aukštesnis. Gimstamumas Lietvoje įgavo ryškią mažėjimo tendenciją iki lygio, kuris neužtikrina paprastos gyventojų reprodukcijos ateityje. Ši tendencija nėra laikina ir turi visuotinį pobūdį, nes yra visuomenės socialinio-ekonominio vystymosi pasekmė. Dominuoja psichologiniai gimstamumo motyvai, kurie paprastai sąlygoja pirmojo vaiko gimimą, o ekonominių ir socialinių motyvų poveikis gimstamumui mažas.
The effect of body condition score and body weight of Sanjabi ewes on immune system, productive and reproductive performance Total 80 Sanjabi ewes (2-5 years old and 50-85 weight domain) were ...selected in animal unit of Mehregan farm. The ewes were divided to 4 treatment groups according to body condition score of (2, 2.5, 3, 3.5 ≤). Blood samples were collected from non-pregnant ewes, then after mating, two weeks before expected lambing and at lambing day. Blood samples of newborn lambs were also taken from the jugular vein at birth and 7 days of age. The reproductive parameters such as number of lambs born per lambing, kg of lambs born per ewes mating, pregnancy period and lamb birth weight were determined. Some blood metabolites such as glucose, total protein, albumin and globulin were determined. The white blood cell and differential leukocyte counts were also measured. The result of this experiment indicated that BCS = 3 had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on the kg lambs born per ewes. Ewes with BCS = 3 had a better performance in the percentage of lambs born per ewes at mating, while the lambing rate reduced in ewes with BCS of 3.5 or more. Birth weight of lambs was significantly affected by BCS of their ewes (P < 0.05). There was a significant effect of BCS on plasma FSH concentration in ewes with BCS more than 3 but no significant difference was seen in blood metabolite in this study. Colostrum productions and the lamb birth weights were affected by body condition score of ewes. The white blood cell counts, neutrophils and lymphocytes counts did not change between ewes and lambs. It is concluded that BCS had a significant effect on kg lambs born per ewes, birth weight of lambs, lambs weaning weight and colostrum productions (P < 0.05) and the score of 3 at mating time could optimize profitability of Sanjabi ewes.
Vpliv ocene kondicije in telesne mase na imunski sistem ter proizvodne in reprodukcijske lastnosti ovac pasme sanjabi V poskus je bilo vključenih 80 sanjabi ovac s farme Mehregan v starosti 2-5 let. Ovce smo razdelili v štiri skupine glede na oceno telesne kondicije (BCS 2, 2,5, 3, 3,5 ≤). Vzorce krvi smo jemali od nebrejih ovac, takoj po paritvi, dva tedna pred pričakovano jagnitvijo in na dan jagnitve. Jancem smo jemali kri iz jugularne vene ob rojstvu in ko so bili stari 7 dni. Spremljali smo reprodukcijske parametre, kot so število jagnet na jagnitev, kg rojenih jagnet na paritev, dolžina brejosti in masa jagnet ob rojstvu. Določali smo nekatere parametre v krvi, kot npr. glukoza, skupne beljakovine, albumin in globulin. Prav tako smo spremljali število belih krvničk in diferencialno število levkocitov. Rezultati tega poskusa kažejo, da je ocena telesne kondicije (BCS = 3) značilno vplivala na k rojenih jagnet na ovco. Ovce z BCS = 3 so imele višji odstotek jagnet rojenih na paritev, medtem ko je bil delež jagnitev zmanjšan pri ovcah z BCS 3,5 ali več. BCS je statistično značilno vplival na maso jagnet ob rojstvu (p < 0,05). Prav tako je bil značilen vpliv BCS na koncentracijo FSH v plazmi pri ovcah z BCS višjim od 3, nismo ap zaznali razlik v koncentraciji metabolitov v krvi. BCS je vplival na proizvodnjo kolostruma in na maso jagnet ob rojstvu. Število belih krvničk, nevtrofilcev in limfocitov se med ovcami in jagneti ni razlikovalo. Ugotavljamo, da ima BCS značilen vpliv na kg rojenih jagnet na ovco, rojstno maso jagnet, maso jagnet ob odstavitvi in proizvodnjo kolostruma (p < 0,05). BCS 3 v času pripusta je optimalen za gospodarnost reje ovac pasme sanjabi.
Contemporary world, as shown by both the scientific research and our everyday experiences, is a place of grave social inequalities and rapid degradation of our physical environment. Processes that ...have led to this are mostly explained on higher levels of abstraction. In this paper, I question them in the context of the processes of soci(et)al reproduction, and I show the relevance of Rudi Supek’s work in contemporary discussions.
In this article the authors examine gender-based obstacles to successful female entrepreneurs' business practices, especially regarding work-life balance, gendered divisions of domestic labour within ...the wider problem of social reproduction in patriarchal societies, and business leadership. The authors have applied a qualitative methodology characteristic of ethnographic research. They analyse material from 24 semi-structured interviews with women entrepreneurs. The article's theoretical perspective draws on the feminist critique of gender and discourse analysis, and the research was conducted in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo and Serbia. The key findings demonstrate that policies and measures intended for the better inclusion of women in the world of entrepreneurship do not suffice unless they are embedded within a wider framework of the critique of patriarchy, as well as within a critique of the dominant concept of entrepreneurship, through gender-conscious intersectoral policies. This research's originality lies in its focus on informal practices, which women perform in both their formal and informal businesses, and which have the potential to become an equally valid model of entrepreneurial behaviour.
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