Solid-state polymer electrolytes (SSPEs) in combination with an ultrahigh content of lithium salt would result in the poor membrane-forming property and mechanical strength of electrolyte member. To ...address these issues, herein, we construct glass fibre (GF) supported poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) electrolyte membrane (GF-PVHF) with the mass ratio of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) to PVDF-HFP ranging from 1.0 to 3.4. When the GF-PVHF electrolyte membrane with 2.8 mass ratio shows the high room temperature ionic conductivity of 8.92 × 10−4 Scm−1, and presents the good flexibility and non-flammability due to the synergistic action between GF and PVDF-HFP. Both the assembled LiFePO4/Li and LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2/Li batteries exhibit excellent cycling stability, with capacity retention of 93.9% for LiFePO4/Li after 300 cycles at room temperature and 88.9% for LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2/Li after 100 cycles at room temperature. This work provides a strategy of designing SSPEs with ultrahigh salt concentration over 70%.
Schematic diagram of ultrahigh salt polymer solid electrolyte. Display omitted
•Glass fibre improves the flexibility and mechanical properties of ultrahigh salt concentration polymer electrolytes.•The ultrahigh salt concentration polymer electrolyte has high ionic conductivity and nonflammable feature.•The prepared polymer electrolyte membrane enhances stable cycling stability of Li-batteries.
•Hyperspectral data and satellite image data by the Derivatives method•Selected the optimal remote sensing index by DI, RI and NDI•Builds a bootstrap–BP neural network to monitor the soil ...salinity.•The RPD of optimal model is 3.32.•Quantitative inversion of soil salt content based on optimal monitoring model
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Soil salinity is recognized worldwide as a major threat to agriculture, particularly in arid regions. Producers and decision-makers thus require updated and accurate maps of salinity in agronomical and environmentally relevant regions. The goals of this study were to test various regression models for estimating soil salt content based on hyperspectral data, HJ-CCD images, and Landsat OLI data using; develop optimal band Difference Index (DI), Ratio Index (RI), and Normalization Index (NDI) algorithms for monitoring soil salt content using image and spectral data; and to compare the performances of the proposed models using a Bootstrap-BP neural network model (Bootstrap-BPNN) from different data sources. The results showed that previously published optimal remote sensing parameters can be applied to estimate the soil salt content in the Ebinur Lake Wetland National Nature Reserve (ELWNNR). Optimal band combination indices based on DI, RI, and NDI were developed for different data sources. Then, the Bootstrap-BP neural network model was built using 1000 groups of Bootstrap samples of remote sensing indices (DI, RI and NDI) and soil salt content. When verifying the accuracy of hyperspectral data, the model yields an R2 value of 0.95, a root mean square error (RMSE) of 4.38g/kg, and a residual predictive deviation (RPD) of 3.36. The optimal model for remote sensing images was the first derivative model of Landsat OLI, which yielded R2 value of 0.91, RMSE of 4.82g/kg, and RPD of 3.32; these data indicated that this model has a high predictive ability. When comparing the salinization monitoring accuracy of satellite images to that of ground hyperspectral data, the accuracy of the first derivative of the Landsat OLI model was close to that of the hyperspectral parameter model. Soil salt content was inverted using the first derivative of the Landsat OLI model in the study area.
Salt content variability of dry-cured ham production is a challenge for the industry since many factors can influence salt uptake during the salting procedure. The aim of this work was to define and ...evaluate different modifications of the salting procedure to reduce the salt content variability of an industrial dry-cured ham production. Results showed that magnetic induction (MI) is a valid technology for industrial purposes as it can predict in-line the fat and salt contents of hams with a percentage error of 1.75% and 0.38%, respectively. Modifications of the salting process defined according to raw material characteristics obtained in-line reduced the salt content variability (SD) of the global production from 0.337% to 0.283%. Moreover, a 25% reduction of the salt content variability in hams of similar weight and fat content could be achieved when using a reclassification of the defined categories with MI technology after 6 days of salting. Because of the complexity of the salting process, new tools combined with strategies need to be investigated and developed to overcome the variability coming from other sources than weight and the fat content of hams.
•Fat and salt contents are estimated with magnetic induction (MI) under industrial conditions.•Fat content estimated with MI is useful for industrial classification purposes.•Salting time can be adjusted with MI to achieve a target salt content.•Reclassification during salting with MI reduces the salt content variability by up to 25%.
In Malaysia, chilli sauce is extremely popular and widely consumed because it is used as a condiment in everyday life; it is a must-have in every home. At present, there is relatively little data ...available in scientific journals yet about the physicochemical properties of local commercial chilli sauce in Malaysia. This research was conducted to learn more about the physicochemical properties of commercial chilli sauce. A variety of five chilli sauces (SK, SH, SM, SL, SJ) from popular options were purchased locally, and the following parameters were determined by measuring: pH, total soluble solids (°Brix), water activity, syneresis, viscosity, salt content and colour. According to the result, it was discovered that all of the sauces tested were acidic (2.63-3.42). Furthermore, total soluble solids ranged from 33.93-51.86. Brix is a fluid indicator of total soluble solids, and it was found that the chilli sauce samples are predominantly sugar. In addition, the result for water activity was in the range of (0.89-0.97). Furthermore, the colour of the sample was determined by using L*, a*, and b* values. The range of L*, a* and b* values was (27.41-34.11), (13.77-23.66) and (9.43-20.56), respectively. The a* value shows that most chilli sauce samples were bright red. None of the samples had any water syneresis. Every company used an appropriate stabiliser in the chilli sauce, resulting in acceptable flavour after storing at room temperature for extended periods after opening.
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•Salt has great influence on the content of flavor compounds in dry-cured pork.•Analyses the flavor compounds with HS-GC-IMS and electronic tongue system.•Fingerprints combined with ...PCA can prove the reliable results rapidly.•Provide a new theoretical knowledge for improving the safety of meat products.
Traditional dry-cured pork, a meat product with a unique flavor and good chewability, occupies an important place in the Chinese market. However, the salt content of dry-cured pork is on the high side and long-term consumption of high-salt meat products is not good for human health. This study determined the role of salt in volatile organic substances and non-volatile taste components of dry-cured pork. Dry-cured pork samples with different salt content (0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7%) were analyzed by electronic tongue for moisture content, pH, salt (NaCl) value, taste activity value, free amino acids, and taste components and by headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry for volatile organic components. The results showed that the moisture content of the tested samples decreased while the salt content increased. The highest amounts of free amino acids were found in dry-cured pork with 3% salt content (P < 0.05). The highest peak area of volatile organic compounds and the maximal taste indexes were found in dry-cured pork with 3% and 5% salt content.
As the Eastern Mediterranean integrates different sub-basins with important hydrological features, during recent decades it has often become a target of study by the oceanographic community. The ...recent expansion of observational tools and methods in the marginal seas has allowed more enhanced studies of the oceanographic processes that dominate such areas. In this work, temperature and salinity profile data collected by Argo floats in the Eastern Mediterranean are analysed for the period 2004–2017. The spatio-temporal variability of the basin's physical properties, together with the depicted changes in the different sub-basins, is investigated in an attempt to construct the latest hydrographic picture of the region. The findings describe the dominant water masses and reveal a general positive trend in the basin's thermohaline properties. The inter-annual variability of the stored heat and salt, and their distribution in the water column, reveals strong climatic signals that are dominated by previously reported alternations of the general circulation and convection events in the area. The latter are correlated with the surface temperature and salinity fields and are traced within the area's different sub-basins. In the early period (2004–2010), data from Levantine and Ionian depict inter-annual variability of the upper layers salinity field that is correlated with previously reported alternations of the Levantine's circulation, and intermediate water production in the Ionian. During the latest period (2012–2017), when the data coverage is denser and more representative for the wider area of the Eastern Mediterranean, the Adriatic sub-basin presents intense dense water production activity while the Aegean Sea undergoes a relaxation period with significant variability at intermediate layers due to water mass exchanges.
Saline area is an important reserve resource of arable land, however, the effects of soil microorganisms on the soil fertility in saline coastal ecosystems remain poorly understood. The salinity ...effects on soil microorganisms, nutrient availabilities and their relationships were studied in soils along a salinity gradient. A total of 80 soil samples were collected from 16 sites at four salinity levels (non-saline soil, salt content<1 g kg-1; low salinity soil, salt content=1-2 g kg-1; middle salinity soil, salt content=2-4 g kg-1; high salinity soil, salt content>4 g kg-1). The results showed that the salinity increased soil pH and exchangeable Na percent, but decreased soil organic matter, soil exchangeable K, and soil microbial biomass. Both the abundance and community composition of soil bacteria and fungi were significantly different between the non-saline and the saline soils. The predominant genera of soil bacteria (Planctomyces and Archangium , positive for carbon fixation) and fungi (Hydropisphaera , efficient in lignin degradation) changed with the increasing soil salinity and the decreasing soil organic matter. In summary, soil salinity changed the abundances of soil bacterial, fungal, and arbuscular mycorrhizal communities and, subsequently, affected their function in saline coastal ecosystems.
Using geotextiles to improve saline soil roadbeds has become increasingly widespread. However, salt unavoidably enriches at the saline soil-geotextile interface. Under complex external forces, the ...mechanical properties of the saline soil geotextile interface are not yet clear. Therefore, this study systematically studied the dynamic shear performance of saline soil geotextile interface under dynamic load under different salt content conditions using three shear forms: cyclic direct shear, monotonic direct shear, and post-cycle direct shear. The main research focuses on the influence of salt content, vertical stress and shear displacement amplitude on interface shear strength, stiffness, damping ratio, vertical displacement and other indicators. The results show that after cyclic shear, the strength of the interface of saline soil decreases, and the phenomenon of plastic softening is obvious. The interface shear strength and stiffness exhibit a non-linear relationship with the increase of salt content. When the salt content is 3 %, the interface shear performance reaches its optimum. Excessive salt content can cause crystalline slippage and weaken interface mechanical properties. Increasing vertical stress or reducing shear displacement amplitude is beneficial for improving interface shear strength and stiffness. The amplitude of shear displacement has the greatest impact on the interface damping ratio. The higher the salt content, the more severe the stress damage to the geotextile, and the more significant the accumulation of interface crystallization. The study revealed the mechanical response law of saline soil geotextile interface under dynamic load.
•The influence of salt content on the dynamic properties of saline soil-geotextile interface.•Analyzing the changes in interface strength through particle electron layer analysis.•By using different shear methods, the variation law of the strength of saline soil after undergoing lateral dynamic loads was obtained.•Analyzed the deformation law of saline soil under different vertical stress, shear displacement amplitude and salt content.•Summarized the damage mechanism of saline soil and geotextiles.
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•Salt content and oxidation strength had interactive effect on swelling and hydration of myofibrils.•≤3% of salt decreased protein solubility of myofibers mainly due to cross-linking ...and carbonylation.•Protein oxidation and aggregation behavior negatively influenced the hydration of myofibers brined with 5% salt.•Low salt content (1%) and moderate oxidation (10 mM H2O2) improved viscoelasticity of heat-set myofibrillar gels.
Salting and rehydration of myofibrils can be interfered with free radical diffusion process. This study investigated the effects of salt content (0, 1, 3 and 5%) and H2O2/ascorbate-based hydroxyl radical (OH)-generating system (1, 10, 20 mM H2O2) on the oxidation, conformation, aggregation, and thermal stability of porcine myofibrillar proteins (MPs). Results showed that 5% of salt inhibited carbonylation of MPs with intensive sulfhydryl loss and tryptophan quenching. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), laser light scattering, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) suggested that 20 mM H2O2 transformed more α-helix into β-sheet of MPs, favoring larger aggregates being selectively exposed towards solvent during salt-induced fiber swelling. Oxidized MPs brined with ≤1% salt underwent partial unfolding with higher flexibility, while up to 5% of salt greatly hampered their hydration potential and weakened inter-fibrillar hydrogen bond with an improved protein solubility. Micro-rheology revealed that 1% of salt and 10 mM H2O2 rendered a denser structure of heat-set MPs gels.
Due to the enhancement of human activities on the global scale, the total amount of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition and the rate keep increasing, which seriously affect the structure and function ...of terrestrial ecosystems. In order to study the effects of N deposition on the soil structure and function of coastal saline wetlands, we established a long-term nitrogen deposition simulation platform in 2012 in the Yellow River delta (YRD). Herein, we analyzed the composition and diversity of the soil microbial community under different N deposition treatments (LNN, MNN and HNN, which stand for 50 kg N ha−1 yr−1, 100 kg N ha−1 yr−1, and 200 kg N ha−1 yr−1) and in a water-only control (CK). The results showed that with the increasing level of N deposition, α-diversity (Shannon and Simpson indices) decreased significantly, and the composition of the microbial community changed. At the phylum level, compared with CK, the relative abundance of Chloroflexi increased significantly under the treatment of HNN (P = 0.002), but the relative abundance of Chlorobi (P = 0.013) and Verrucomicrobia (P = 0.035) decreased significantly. At the genus level, compared with CK, the relative abundance of Bacillus (P = 0.01) and Halomonas (P = 0.042) increased significantly with HNN treatment. Bacillus and Nitrococcus showed a significant correlation with soil NH4+-N. The results suggest that the response of microorganisms to N deposition treatments varied by the concentration, and the deposition of a high concentration would increase the nutrients in the soil, but reduce the diversity of soil microorganisms, causing a negative impact on the coastal wetland ecosystem of the YRD.
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•Nitrogen deposition affected the composition of the soil microbial community.•The salinity was significantly correlated with the relative abundance of Gammaproteobacteria.•Nitrogen deposition reduced the relative abundance of halophilic Halomonas.•NH4+-N significantly decreased soil microbial diversity.
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