Ensnarement During Imprisonment Silver, Ian A.; Nedelec, Joseph L.
Criminology & public policy,
11/2018, Volume:
17, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Research Summary
We used data collected during the Evaluation of Ohio's Prison Programs. The analytical sample of N = 63,772 inmates represents one of the largest samples used to assess the ...association between within‐prison sanctioning and recidivism. Latent class growth analysis (LCGA) demonstrated that five guilty sanctioning clusters existed within the data: Persistent (0.72%), Very High Decline (0.11%), High Decline (1.38%), Moderate Decline (27.03%), and Abstainers (70.75%). The examination of sanctioning cluster classification on post‐release recidivism suggested that greater exposure to formal sanctions during imprisonment predicted recidivism 1, 2, and 3 years post‐release.
Policy Implications
The outcome of the empirical analysis suggested an association between within‐prison sanctioning clusters and recidivism. Furthermore, longitudinal sanctioning clusters exposed to higher levels of within‐prison sanctioning possessed a greater probability of recidivism 1, 2, and 3 years post‐release. If replicated, two policy implications could be derived from the contextualization of these results within the ensnarement framework. First, it is recommended that the frequency and severity of sanctions be reduced, to the extent possible, during imprisonment. Second, increased access to prosocial opportunities (e.g., rehabilitation programs) during sanctioning efforts is also encouraged based on the analyses.
Objectives:
The study tests two related hypotheses about recidivist sentencing premiums and the progressive sanctioning logic on which they rest: (1) among first-time felons, punitive sanctions will ...more effectively reduce recidivism than will less severe sanctions and (2) among second-time felons, progressively tougher sanctions will more effectively reduce recidivism than will progressions to comparable or less severe sanctions.
Method:
We use data on first-time and second-time felons and propensity score matching analyses to test these two hypotheses.
Results:
Although tougher punishment, and increasingly tougher punishment among second-time offenders, may sometimes reduce recidivism, less severe punishment appears on average to be more effective.
Conclusions:
The results raise questions about the effects of both tougher, and progressively tougher, types of sanctions in efforts to reduce recidivism.
El trabajo pretende demostrar que la aplicación de los principios y las garantías del derecho penal al procedimiento administrativo sancionador es perjudicial para la protección de los intereses ...públicos. Y que las garantías y principios del derecho administrativo aplicadas a la investigación administrativa son suficientes para respetar el debido proceso legal. También se examina la intervención de los ciudadanos en las investigaciones sobre afectaciones a intereses colectivos.
•Weak sanctioning systems can effectively deter fraud.•Organizational constraints weaken the auto insurance fraud sanctioning system.•Consumers over-estimate the probability of detection and ...consequences of prosecution.•Consumers are concerned about emotional costs, such as shame and embarrassment, that deter fraud.•Consumers’ perceptions of emotional costs align with perceptions of the ethicality of fraud.
To deter auto insurance fraud, insurance companies and law enforcement agencies investigate and prosecute suspicious claims. We describe this sanctioning system and perceptions of this system by integrating unique datasets: insurance company records, interviews with insurance fraud investigators, state law enforcement data (CA, NY), and surveys of automotive insurance customers. We identify organizational constraints, such as public relations concerns, that limit the effectiveness of the formal sanctioning system (fewer than 1% of claims that are flagged as suspicious are ever prosecuted for fraud). We also identify psychological factors that deter consumers from committing fraud; consumers over-estimate the probability of detection, over-estimate the consequences of prosecution, are sensitive to social sanctions (e.g., negative publicity), and anticipate high emotional costs, such as shame and embarrassment, that make the prospect of committing fraud highly aversive. That is, psychological factors substantially deter fraud even though the economic sanctions are weak. Our findings integrate scholarship on sanctioning systems (Tenbrunsel & Messick, 1991) and highlight the role of organizational constraints and psychological factors in deterring fraud.
Drawing on prior sentencing and prison scholarship, this study examines the use of solitary confinement as a form of punishment. Specifically, it assesses whether, given a prison infraction, minority ...inmates-and young, male, minority inmates in particular-are more likely to be placed in solitary and to be placed in it for longer durations. Multilevel regression analyses of state prison data suggest little support for the hypothesis that minority males, or young minority, males, are sanctioned more harshly than other inmates. The analyses identify, however, that males are more likely than females to be placed in solitary as a form of disciplinary punishment and that younger females are more likely to be placed in it than older females. The findings highlight that age and sex may interact to influence punishment decisions and raise questions about the precise roles of race and ethnicity in affecting punishment decisions. Implications of the findings for theory, research, and policy are discussed.
Rhizobia are a phylogenetically diverse group of soil bacteria that engage in mutualistic interactions with legume plants. Although specifics of the symbioses differ between strains and plants, all ...symbioses ultimately result in the formation of specialized root nodule organs which host the nitrogen-fixing microsymbionts called bacteroids. Inside nodules, bacteroids encounter unique conditions that necessitate global reprogramming of physiological processes and rerouting of their metabolism. Decades of research have addressed these questions using genetics, omics approaches, and more recently computational modelling. Here we discuss the common adaptations of rhizobia to the nodule environment that define the core principles of bacteroid functioning. All bacteroids are growth-arrested and perform energy-intensive nitrogen fixation fueled by plant-provided C
-dicarboxylates at nanomolar oxygen levels. At the same time, bacteroids are subject to host control and sanctioning that ultimately determine their fitness and have fundamental importance for the evolution of a stable mutualistic relationship.
As social life and communication move increasingly online, we have experienced the expansion and the normalisation of online shaming – different forms of (semi)public cross-platform condemnation of ...people and their actions by (mass) online audiences. Online shamings can be analysed as combinations of reintegrative (shame-correct-forgive) and disintegrative (shame-stigmatise-expel) social sanctioning practices, usually focusing the ‘serious’ disciplinary shaming on the behaviour of the offender. We propose that equal attention should be given to what we have termed ‘recreational shaming’ – humour-based playful collective shaming that often occurs via online platforms, seemingly just for the sake of shaming, motivated mainly by social belonging needs and entertainment gratification.
By combining the results of standardised content analysis of Facebook recreational shaming groups (n = 65) and in-depth qualitative interviews with the ‘modmins’ of the groups (n = 8) we will give an overview of what is being shamed, how groups and modministrators create and enforce rules and what is the socio-cultural perceived meaning of this practice. We distinguish three spheres of recreational shaming that ‘frame the shame’ and demonstrate how recreational online shaming is often more about the self than the other – me performing the act of shaming for entertainment value, to belong in a group. Additionally, we introduce how shaming is used as a self-reflexive tool for behaviour-correction or base knowledge for dominant tastes.
Policy makers often implement laws or mandates to attempt to change people’s behavior. Such policies act not only as deterrents, but also as societal signposts for what is considered morally right ...and wrong within a society. In this paper we argue that the presence of laws and mandates may be associated with citizens’ inclination to engage in social norm enforcement within their own network. We studied this using four different datasets in different settings (text-and-drive laws, influenza vaccination mandates, speed limit laws, and COVID-19 mask mandates), in three different countries (total N = 3,156). In all datasets, we found associations between mandates or laws and the inclination to socially confront norm violators. This is in line with our theorizing that mandates and laws may help to increase citizens’ inclination to engage in social norm enforcement, and to foster interpersonal policing of behavior, inviting future research to establish more direct causal conclusions in this regard.
RESUMEN: Este artículo tiene por objeto dar cuenta de los mecanismos administrativos que existen para la revisión de las sanciones administrativas. La hipótesis central de la investigación plantea ...que no obstante la plena vigencia del principio de legalidad en materia administrativa sancionadora, no siempre una sanción producirá sus efectos jurídicos, pudiendo, en consecuencia, no ejecutarse. En este trabajo se ha podido determinar que en materia de sanciones administrativas es apropiado aplicar los mecanismos generales de revisión de oficio de los actos administrativos, así como también de ciertos mecanismos especiales en sectores de referencia dispuestos para revisión de actos sancionatorios, los que si bien tienen fundamentos jurídicos diversos, en general producen la extinción de la sanción administrativa impuesta, ya sea de manera definitiva o mediante su reemplazo por un acto administrativo diverso.
Cooperation is very important in human society and identified as an essential principle of evolution, but how to promote cooperation among rational individuals remains a huge challenge. Recent works ...have found that prosocial exclusion can work as a powerful control strategy to promote cooperation effectively. However, it remains unclear whether prosocial exclusion can still favor cooperation when antisocial exclusion is introduced. And does prosocial exclusion have evolutionary advantages when comparing with prosocial and antisocial punishment strategies? To address these issues, we first introduce prosocial and antisocial pool exclusion strategies into the public goods game and study the stationary distribution of each strategy in finite well-mixed populations. We find that the introduction of antisocial exclusion inhibits cooperation, but it does not reduce the evolutionary advantage of prosocial exclusion. We then investigate the competition between the full set of pool exclusion and pool punishment strategies, and reveal that prosocial pool excluders can do better than other strategists no matter whether the second-order sanctioning is considered or not. Our results suggest that social exclusion is a better way for restraining defection than costly punishment, even when antisocial behavior is allowed.
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