Aim
To produce a framework for the development of a qualitative semi‐structured interview guide.
Background
Rigorous data collection procedures fundamentally influence the results of studies. The ...semi‐structured interview is a common data collection method, but methodological research on the development of a semi‐structured interview guide is sparse.
Design
Systematic methodological review.
Data sources
We searched PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus and Web of Science for methodological papers on semi‐structured interview guides from October 2004–September 2014. Having examined 2,703 titles and s and 21 full texts, we finally selected 10 papers.
Review methods
We analysed the data using the qualitative content analysis method.
Results
Our analysis resulted in new synthesized knowledge on the development of a semi‐structured interview guide, including five phases: (1) identifying the prerequisites for using semi‐structured interviews; (2) retrieving and using previous knowledge; (3) formulating the preliminary semi‐structured interview guide; (4) pilot testing the guide; and (5) presenting the complete semi‐structured interview guide.
Conclusion
Rigorous development of a qualitative semi‐structured interview guide contributes to the objectivity and trustworthiness of studies and makes the results more plausible. Researchers should consider using this five‐step process to develop a semi‐structured interview guide and justify the decisions made during it.
Objective
This study assesses the concordance in migraine diagnosis between an online, self‐administered, Computer‐based, Diagnostic Engine (CDE) and semi‐structured interview (SSI) by a headache ...specialist, both using International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (ICHD‐3) criteria.
Background
Delay in accurate diagnosis is a major barrier to headache care. Accurate computer‐based algorithms may help reduce the need for SSI‐based encounters to arrive at correct ICHD‐3 diagnosis.
Methods
Between March 2018 and August 2019, adult participants were recruited from three academic headache centers and the community via advertising to our cross‐sectional study. Participants completed two evaluations: phone interview conducted by headache specialists using the SSI and a web‐based expert questionnaire and analytics, CDE. Participants were randomly assigned to either the SSI followed by the web‐based questionnaire or the web‐based questionnaire followed by the SSI. Participants completed protocols a few minutes apart. The concordance in migraine/probable migraine (M/PM) diagnosis between SSI and CDE was measured using Cohen’s kappa statistics. The diagnostic accuracy of CDE was assessed using the SSI as reference standard.
Results
Of the 276 participants consented, 212 completed both SSI and CDE (study completion rate = 77%; median age = 32 years interquartile range: 28–40, female:male ratio = 3:1). Concordance in M/PM diagnosis between SSI and CDE was: κ = 0.83 (95% confidence interval CI: 0.75–0.91). CDE diagnostic accuracy: sensitivity = 90.1% (118/131), 95% CI: 83.6%–94.6%; specificity = 95.8% (68/71), 95% CI: 88.1%–99.1%. Positive and negative predictive values = 97.0% (95% CI: 91.3%–99.0%) and 86.6% (95% CI: 79.3%–91.5%), respectively, using identified migraine prevalence of 60%. Assuming a general migraine population prevalence of 10%, positive and negative predictive values were 70.3% (95% CI: 43.9%–87.8%) and 98.9% (95% CI: 98.1%–99.3%), respectively.
Conclusion
The SSI and CDE have excellent concordance in diagnosing M/PM. Positive CDE helps rule in M/PM, through high specificity and positive likelihood ratio. A negative CDE helps rule out M/PM through high sensitivity and low negative likelihood ratio. CDE that mimics SSI logic is a valid tool for migraine diagnosis.
Since the publication of Standards for QUality Improvement Reporting Excellence (SQUIRE 1.0) guidelines in 2008, the science of the field has advanced considerably. In this manuscript, we describe ...the development of SQUIRE 2.0 and its key components. We undertook the revision between 2012 and 2015 using (1) semistructured interviews and focus groups to evaluate SQUIRE 1.0 plus feedback from an international steering group, (2) two face-to-face consensus meetings to develop interim drafts and (3) pilot testing with authors and a public comment period. SQUIRE 2.0 emphasises the reporting of three key components of systematic efforts to improve the quality, value and safety of healthcare: the use of formal and informal theory in planning, implementing and evaluating improvement work; the context in which the work is done and the study of the intervention(s). SQUIRE 2.0 is intended for reporting the range of methods used to improve healthcare, recognising that they can be complex and multidimensional. It provides common ground to share these discoveries in the scholarly literature (http://www.squire-statement.org).
Forest bioenergy is discussed in the literature as a potential mechanism to achieve multiple forest management and energy policy goals, and remains the subject of state and federal policy ...deliberations. In practice, forest bioenergy faces challenges from wavering public support and the availability of increasingly lower cost natural gas, wind, and solar energy. Here, we investigate the experience of stakeholders with forest bioenergy systems in four states—California, Florida, Minnesota, and New Hampshire—to better understand present-day barriers to and opportunities for continued operation of existing facilities and the potential deployment of new capacity. Building on insight generated from interviews with key informants at the national level, we conducted a comparative case study based on facility documents and interviews with facility managers, utility representatives, federal agency representatives, clean energy advocates, and other relevant stakeholders. We find that forest bioenergy often lacks a natural constituency willing or able to advocate on its behalf in policy deliberations, and that even proven facilities are vulnerable to fluctuations in state and federal policy. We conclude that shifting, uneven support for forest bioenergy impedes durable policy solutions, a condition that likely translates to limited opportunities for additional large, utility-scale facilities at the present time.
•We evaluate four cases where bioenergy facilities were affected by changing policy.•Existing facilities are vulnerable to fluctuations in state and federal policy.•Shifting, uneven support for bioenergy impedes durable policy solutions.•Unlike other renewables, bioenergy is challenged by a lack of a natural advocate.•There are limited opportunities for new large, utility-scale facilities.
The purpose of this study was to clarify background factors related to difficulties in teaching sexualityamong health and physical education teachers. Seven health and physical education teachers (5 ...males and 2 females) from junior high schools and high schools participated, and data were analyzed using the M-GTA method. As a result, 16 concepts and 6 categories were extracted. The participants had (a) "low self-confidence about instructional competency regarding sex-related content", (b) "concern about transdisciplinary collaboration with other teachers and families", (c) "concern during hands-on practices", (d) "reluctance to use educational resources", (e) "teaching in one’s own way", and (f) "beliefs about sexuality". There were difficulties in understanding that students were at a stage in their development where their interests in sexuality were increasing, and that they may not be able to receive appropriate guidance due to their gender and gender perceptions. With regard to "concerns in practical situations", they felt "uneasiness in responding to students’ reactions" and "concern about how students would receive the content of instruction". In the future, it will be important to offer teachers various opportunities for learning how to use instructional methods and practicing pedagogy during teacher training.
There are numerous controversies in research exploring personality dynamics and intrapsychic processes, e.g. insufficient insight provided by available measures such as self-report questionnaires. As ...a consequence, new methods are developed. Some of the recent theories indicate that self-esteem is not a stable personality trait, but a dynamic construct fluctuating as a result of (mostly) social interactions. I present a semi-structured interview protocol as a method of data collection which can provide rich verbal and non-verbal material referring to self-esteem regulation. Analysis system is not included as there can be many different approaches to use collected data, e.g. qualitative content analysis or narrative inquiry methods. In this paper, I present exemplary statements of participants corresponding to every part of the interview. The examples are explained considering theoretical background. Finally, the strengths and limitations of presented method are discussed, as well as possible research areas to explore with it.
•Personality dynamics research requires data of a deep level of mental functioning.•Semi-structured interview method collects rich verbal and non-verbal material.•Self-esteem regulation reactions can manifest due to adequate stimuli.
Against the backdrop of explosive growth in freight demand, the negative impacts of the traditional road-system-based port-city logistics mode on urban transportation, environment and safety have ...become prominent livelihood issues, as well as significant economic and social problems. Port-city underground logistics system (PC-ULS) has been widely recognized as an innovative way to ensure the sustainable development of port cities. However, the influence mechanism of PC-ULS on the port-city relationships is still unclear. Thus, this paper attempts to explore the PC-ULS-based port-city relationships formation process and the main influencing factors using a mixed qualitative approach. The social, economic and environmental impacts of PC-ULS on the development of port cities were systematically analyzed using the Shanghe Port ULS and Shanghai Port ULS as the case studies. The results show that the impacts generated by PC-ULS are positive and widely distributed across the economic sphere, port-city traffic, logistics governance, urban equity, stakeholders, ports, and urban spaces, as well as ecological sustainability. Furthermore, the urban planning, technology compatibility and engineering risk related factors have a strong impact on the PC-ULS implementation. A set of incentive policies has been designed to promote the effectiveness of PC-ULS. The findings provide a unique perspective on underground space development and utilization to address port-city conflicts, as well as a reasonable implementation pathway for PC-ULS application.
•A novel port logistics innovation measure have been proposed.•A mixed qualitative approach comprising case study and semi-structured interview was adopted.•The key factors affecting the new port-city relationships were analyzed.•Provided a systematic analytical framework for the implementation of PC-ULS.
•A Spanish-English bilingual standard assessment of migration experiences was created.•The semi-structured interview covers life before, during, and after immigration.•Pilot data sheds light on the ...traumas, triumphs, and hardships migrant youth face.•The measure has utility for research, clinical practice, and immigration policy.
In recent years, the number of children and families migrating from Central America to the United States (U.S.) has increased exponentially (Rosenblum, 2015). Likely due to this influx, research on Latinx immigrants has also increased. However, no standard assessment of youth migration experiences currently exists. The present study introduces a new measure and pilot data on the migration experiences of youth from Central America. The Migration Experiences Interview (MEI) is a 25-question semi-structured interview that encompasses youths' experiences before, during, and after migration to the U.S, covering topics such as their control over the decision to migrate, whether they witnessed frightening situations along their journey, and their experiences living in the U.S. thus far. The present study provides pilot data on a sample of 64 recently migrated Central American youths aged 15 to 25 (39.1% female). The MEI provides in-depth characterizations and narrative examples of migration experiences that add important information on a largely understudied population to the literature. The MEI's standard, publicly available format has utility for increased consistency in future research and implications for clinical practice and immigration policy.
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•Theory of planned behaviour for waste recycling is built on interview and questionnaire.•Regulatory compliance and Economic incentives determine recycling intention.•Industry ...concerns Regulatory compliance while Public concerns Economic incentives.•Recognition of Accreditation scheme is needed to facilitate closed-loop material flow.
Changing individual’s recycling attitude and behaviour is of utmost importance in achieving sustainable construction and demolition (C&D) waste management, yet it has often been underachieved. To understand the motivations for recycling, this study identifies and prioritizes the key factors that affect C&D waste recycling behaviour of various stakeholders in Hong Kong (i.e., representatives from construction-waste-related organizations, environmental consultants and contractors, and government engineers) in a quantitative manner using statistical tools. Different from traditional C&D waste behavioural determinants studies, this paper utilizes an integrated analytical method through semi-structured interviews and survey questionnaire on the basis of Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). Qualitative thematic analysis and quantitative frequency analysis were performed to analyse responses from semi-structured interviews and questionnaires, followed by correlation analysis to quantify the relationships between factors. Results indicated that four key factors: (i) regulatory compliance, (ii) economic incentives, (iii) accreditation scheme, and (iv) logistics and management incentives directly influenced recycling behaviour of individuals. Regulatory compliance was the most determining factor for consultants, contractors, experts, and government officials, whereas economic incentives were of great concern to the public. Under the factor of economic incentives, strong positive relationships were identified between disposal costs and collection and sorting costs, thus increasing waste disposal charging fee may promote recycling behaviour. In comparison, accreditation scheme deserved better recognition to facilitate a closed-loop material flow in the construction industry. These findings help to devise more effective and stakeholder-oriented policy tools to raise awareness and encourage behavioural change towards C&D waste recycling, and assist policy makers to establish regulations and practices for sustainable resource management.
Reusing code snippets from online programming Q&A communities has become a common development practice, in which developers often need to adapt code snippets to their code contexts to satisfy their ...own programming needs. However, how developers make these code adaptations based on contexts is still unclear. To bridge this gap, we first conduct a semi-structured interview of 21 developers to investigate their adaptation practices and perceived challenges during this process. The result suggests that code snippet adaptation is a challenging and exhausting task for developers, as they should tailor the snippets to guarantee their correctness and quality with laborious work. We also note that developers all resort to their intra-file context to complete adaptations, which motivates us to further study how developers performed context-based adaptations (CAs) in real scenarios. To this end, we conduct a quantitative study on an adaptation dataset comprising 300 code snippet reuse cases with 1,384 adaptations from Stack Overflow to GitHub. For each adaptation, we manually annotate its intention and relationship with the context. Based on our annotated data, we employ frequent itemset mining to obtain four CA patterns from our dataset, including Fortification , Code Wiring , Attribute-ization and Parameterization . Our main findings reveal that: (1) more than half of the code snippet reuse cases include CAs and 23.3% of the adaptations are CAs; (2) more than half of the CAs are corrective adaptations and variable is the primary adapted language construct; (3) attribute is the most frequently utilized context and 88% of the local contexts are within the nearest 10 LOCs; and (4) CAs towards different intentions are repetitive, which are useful for automatic adaptation. Overall, our study provides valuable insights into code snippet adaptation and has important implications for research, practice, and tool design.
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