This article proposes a framework for understanding variation in armed groups' abilities to control wartime violence, including violence against civilians. I argue that patterns (both levels and ...forms) of violence are shaped by armed group leaders' attempts to meet two conflicting imperatives. To succeed, commanders must build a fighting force capable of swift, unhesitating violence; they must also maintain some control over the level, form(s), and targeting of violence. I refer to this situation as the Commander's Dilemma. Drawing on literatures from psychology and sociology, I argue that effective behavioral control cannot be achieved via extrinsic incentives (i.e. pecuniary or non-pecuniary rewards and punishments) alone. Rather, effective control of combatant violence depends upon armed group institutions intended to align combatants' preferences with those of commanders. I therefore focus analytically on political education, the armed group institution most likely to operate in this way. In particular, I hypothesize that armed groups with strong and consistent institutions for political education should display, on average, narrower repertoires of violence than those without. This argument finds preliminary support in a crossnational analysis of reported rape by rebel forces, as well as a qualitative investigation of armed groups during civil war in El Salvador. More broadly, this approach suggests that the creation of restraint is at least as important to our understandings of wartime violence as the production of violence.
Sexual violence against women: The scope of the problem Dartnall, Elizabeth, BAppSc, Post-Grad Dip: Counselling, MSc; Jewkes, Rachel, MBBS, MSc, MFPHM, MD
Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology,
02/2013, Volume:
27, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Rape and sexual violence occur in all societies, and cut across all social classes. Prevalence estimates of rape victimisation range between 6 and 59% of women having experienced sexual abuse from ...their husbands or boyfriends in their lifetime. Two population-based studies from South Africa have found that 28% and 37% of men, respectively, have perpetrated rape. Estimates of rape perpetration from high-income countries seem to be lower than those from low- and middle-income countries; however, current data make it impossible to confirm this. Women and girls are much more likely to be the victims and men the perpetrators and, in most instances, the perpetrator is known to the victim. Children are particularly vulnerable to sexual abuse, with girls being at greater risk, especially while at school and at home. High rates of child sexual abuse are emerging from the research, with an increasing understanding of the effect of child sexual abuse on later perpetration and victimisation, highlighting the importance of primary prevention for sexual violence to address childhood exposures to violence. Much of our knowledge about sexual violence has historically been based on research undertaken in high-income countries. This, however, is changing with the emergence of good-quality studies from other settings, particularly in Africa, alongside an increasing number of multi-country studies looking at interpersonal and sexual violence. Most countries lack population data on perpetration of sexual violence, across all categories, including children, and a major gap exists in research on sexual violence among sub-groups and populations. Much of the existing research has limitations that affect cross-study comparability, owing to differences in definitions, research tools, methods and sampling used. Improved research is essential. Research priorities for understanding the magnitude of sexual violence prevalence include assessment of the prevalence and patterns of sexual violence victimisation and perpetration in a range of settings, across a range of acts of sexual violence, in men and women, in adults and children, using methodologies based on best practice in gender-based violence research and standard measures of different forms of sexual violence; research on the social context of sexual violence perpetration and victimisation by both men and women; and methodological research to measure sexual violence for particular population sub-groups or violence types, such as child perpetrators or young child victims, or sexual harassment at work and school.
Conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV) is an increasingly consequential crime to perpetrate – at least if we limit our view to reactions within multilateral institutions such as the United Nations ...(UN) Security Council. Turning to the state-led forum for human rights: the UN Universal Periodic Review (UPR), this study instead uncovers sparse and highly selective condemnation of CRSV. By extracting data on all bilateral shaming relating to sexual violence in the UPR since its inception in 2008, this article demonstrates that only 5% of all governments take the opportunity to condemn major sexual aggressors. The findings should adjust our expectations on the progress rate within the policy field of CRSV and advance our understanding of the challenges tainting international negotiations on the topic.
Every survivor of sexual abuse has a story to tell. Set up in 2019 at the University of Texas at San Antonio by queer Black students, The #ChangeRapeCulture movement works to champion the national ...conversation about rape culture at American universities. Advocating for Queer and BIPOC Survivors of Rape at Public Universities documents the stories of BIPOC, LGBTQIA2S+ sexual violence survivors and offers theoretical groundings, model strategies, and practical solutions to aid understanding of rape culture at public universities, and advocate for survivors’ rights. Student-led and survivor centred, this book is ideal reading for students of Queer and LGBT+ Studies, Gender Studies, Education Studies, Social Work, and Rhetoric, as well as student activists and university administrators.
Background : Based on Regulation Indonesian Minister of Health Number 25 of 2014, adolescents are peoples aged 8-10 years old but according to the National Population and Family Planning ...Board (BKKBN) adolescents are peoples with an age range of 10-24 years and unmarried.Proportion of first-time dating adolescents in Indonesia at the age of less than 15 years. Based on data from the Global School Heatlh Survey 2015, there are 3.3% of adolescents aged 15-19 years have AIDS, only 9.9% of teenage girls and 10.6% of teenage boys have comprehensive knowledge about HIV AIDS, and as many as 0.7% of teenage girls and 4.5% of teenage boys have had premarital sexual relations. Adolescents who understand about the signs of puberty and about reproductive health are still very lacking. Yogyakarta City is still poor in knowledge with various health problems, especially adolescent reproductive health. Sexual violence cases in the city of Yogyakarta rank 5th out of 34 provinces in Indonesia, with a total of 894 victims. Objectives: To determine the relationship between peers and attitudes towards sexual violence. Methods: We conducted analytical descriptive correlation method and study design cross sectional study. The independent variable in this study was peers and dependent variable in this study was attitudes towards sexual violence. Data analysis uses univariate analysis and bivariate analysis to analyze the relationship between two variables. The statistical analysis used in this study is the spearman rank test. Results: The results showed that there was a relationship between peers (p value 0.009) and showed a sufficient correlation (r = 0.174) which means there is a relationship with attitudes towards sexual violence. Conclusions: There was a significant relationship between peers and attitudes toward sexual violence.
The terminology used to describe sexually violent offenses vary, and how these labels are interpreted by the public remains unclear. This study explores the terms for the primary—legally most ...severe—offense of sexual violence in legal statutes across the United States and investigates how different terms evoke different perceptions about crime severity. Results indicate that nine different terms are used to identify the primary offense of sexual violence in state statutes, with significant differences in perceived severity for these terms. The findings have implications for the public's (mis)understanding of sexual violence and the treatment of survivors and perpetrators.
In order to continue pushing college campuses to the forefront of survivor-centered practice and student-centered care, it is imperative that the barriers students experience in accessing campus ...sexual violence resource centers be documented and addressed. This research evaluates student and staff perceptions of barriers to accessing the Campus Assault Resources and Education (CARE) offices on three University of California (UC) campuses. Data were collected by researchers from UC Speaks Up, a cross-campus research initiative at UC Los Angeles (UCLA), UC Santa Barbara (UCSB), and UC San Diego (UCSD) aimed at understanding factors that both contribute to and prevent sexual violence among college students. This analysis only included data that yielded insights into CARE’s accessibility. Thematic analysis of 63 interviews and 27 focus group discussions was conducted using Dedoose. The following six thematic codes emerged from the data: (1) awareness of office, (2) confidentiality of services, (3) physical accessibility, (4) accessibility for vulnerable and marginalized groups, (5) utilization experiences, and (6) limited institutional support. To increase the accessibility of sexual violence resource centers in higher education, this study indicates that universities and campus sexual violence resource centers should (1) encourage survivor-centered cross-campus collaborations between sexual violence resource centers and other campus entries, (2) add more trainings that are tailored to the needs of vulnerable and marginalized communities, (3) increase the resource’s campus-wide office exposure through multiple prevention education opportunities, and (4) better fund sexual violence resource centers. Implications for future research are discussed to maximize this study’s public health impact.
Harmonisasi dan sinkronisasi menjadi keharusan dalam pembentukan peraturan perundang-undangan, hal tersebut sebagai upaya kemangkusan hukum dan menghindari adanya tumpang tindih peraturan. Pengaturan ...kejahatan seksual dalam Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudyaan Riset dan Teknologi Nomor 30 Tahun 2021 tentang pencegahan dan penanganan kekerasan di lingkungan perguruan tinggi (Permendikbudristek 30/2021) terdapat frasa “tanpa persetujuan korban” atau lebih dikenal dengan seksual consent, diangkatnya seksual consent tersebut tidak selaras dengan peraturan kejahatan seksual dalam peraturan perundang-undangan lainnya. Metode penelitian ini melalui pendekatan normatif yang mengacu pada perundang-undangan dan norma-norma serta melalui pendekatan konseptual untuk menjelaskan secara sistematis teori yang digunakan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa seksual consent tidak tepat masuk dalam kekerasan seksual, karena seksual consent bertentangan dengan Kitab Undang-undang Hukum Pidana, Undang-undang Penghapusan Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tangga, Undang-undang Perdagangan Orang, Undang-undang Pornografi, dan Undang-undang Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Seksual.
Harmonization and synchronization are required in the development of laws and regulations in order to strengthen the law and avoid overlapping regulations. Sexual crime legislation, there is the phrase "without the consent of the victim" or better known as sexual consent in the Regulation of the Minister of Education and Culture of Research and Technology Number 30 of 2021 concerning the prevention and handling of violence in the higher education environment (Permendikbudristek 30/2021), the term of sexual consent is not in line with the sexual crime regulations in other laws and regulations. This research method uses a normative approach that refers to legislation and norms, as well as a conceptual approach to explain the theory used systematically. The results of the study indicate that sexual consent is inappropriate for sexual violence, because sexual consent is contrary to the Criminal Code, the Law on the Elimination of Domestic Violence, the Trafficking in Persons Act, the Pornography Law, and the Act Sexual Violence.
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