With the rapid increase in long‐term care (LTC) needs, it is important to assess the expected contributions of the traditional providers of LTC: the state, the market and the family. We first survey ...the literature devoted to the family and the market. Then, given the declining role of family caregiving and the negligible role of the market, we look at a number of studies exploring the design of public policies in support of the dependent elderly, particularly those who cannot count on the assistance from their family and those who lack basic means. Those public policies are conceived in such a way that they also rely on both the market and the family.
When a person reaches retirement age he wants to have the same standard of living as before retirement. The fundamental social function of the pension system is to ensure universal coverage, to ...provide decent pensions for retires, for those suffering from accidents at work or people who became ill and could no longer work. Achieving these goals is difficult due to many factors that influence each person's living conditions differently and applying the same conditions to everyone is often unfair and wrong. The main source of income that a person will have when he reaches the legal retirement age is the state pension. This will represent up to 50% of the income that the person had before retiring. There are countless factors that influence its level: gross income, contribution period, retirement conditions, economic situation, number of employees, number of retirees and legislation in the field. This paper will present general questions relating to social security, social insurance type, authorized institutions, and their evolution over the last years.
The aim of the work is to characterize and assess the state of health of health care workers and to find out which diseases are most common among health care workers and which list of diseases ...requires treatment on the basis of social health insurance. Materials and methods. In the course of the research, 550 health care workers were interviewed and surveyed regarding the feasibility of implementing social insurance for health care workers in the city of Kyiv and medical and preventive institutions in the Kyiv region. Evaluating the classification of commercial and social insurance in Ukraine, the authors noted that 9% of them do not support any type of insurance at all, 5% support commercial insurance, and 85% support social insurance, 1% refrained from answering. The results. As of January 1, 2022, the number of insured persons in the Social Insurance Fund of Ukraine was 4,236,285, of which: legal entities – 2,548,964, individuals – 1,714,321, voluntarily insured persons – 52. In 2021, the fund's income amounted to UAH 17,753.1 million, or 99.3% of the plan, including insurance contributions of policyholders and insured persons – UAH 16,858.8 million, which is 99.2% of the plan 1. The article provides a thorough characterization of statistical information, which includes the processing of the primary documents "Occupational Disease Record Card (Occupational Injury)", compiled for all cases of occupational diseases first detected and registered in Ukraine for the specified years; conducted questionnaires and interviews of health care workers (employees of health care institutions in the city of Kyiv and Kyiv, Khmelnytskyi, Odesa, Cherkasy, and Sumy regions). The number of appeals for qualified specialized medical care and issuance of disability certificates was studied. The formation of occupational diseases of health care workers was also determined and their statistical information was provided. Conclusions. For the high-quality functioning of the health care sector and the reduction of mortality among medical workers, it is necessary to implement the proposed model of social insurance for health care workers. It is this kind of insurance that will ensure the proper life of health care workers, preserve and restore their working capacity, reduce the rate of deaths among them with a low financial loss for them and their family members.
The article discusses the possibilities of using artificial intelligence in the field of social insurance. The relevance of the topic and the importance of using artificial intelligence technology in ...this area are established, since it can improve the activities of the insurance sector and solve various problems. The purpose of the work is to study the specifics of the use of artificial intelligence technologies in social insurance and their impact. The paper examines current technologies and areas of artificial intelligence application. The software solutions used by social insurance authorities are thoroughly disclosed. It is determined that artificial intelligence technologies are used in social insurance for data analysis, risk forecasting and decision-making. The functions and capabilities of artificial intelligence in this area are widely disclosed in the article. It is established that these technologies can be used to process large amounts of information, to collect customer data, to predict risks, or as a virtual for risk forecasting or as virtual assistants. The author analyzes the challenges and risks that arise when using technology. It is determined that the main ones are problems with confidentiality and access to technology. Options and methods for solving problems are proposed, such as data regulation, development of ethical standards, increasing transparency, etc. In addition, the advantages of using technology in the field of social insurance are identified. These include increased work efficiency, improved quality of service, and reduced fraud. Conclusions are drawn that show that the use of artificial intelligence technologies in the field of social insurance has great potential. This contributes to the development of insurance companies and improvement of their work.
Background. The relevance of the study is due to the need to reform the pension systems in Russia and foreign countries at the present stage of development. The purpose of the study is to identify ...the historical and legal foundations of British pension legislation, as well as the key principles that determined its content. The significance of the study is determined by the fact that without understanding the historical and legal foundations, it is impossible to understand the main trends in the development of UK pension legislation and ways to improve it further. Materials and methods. The research methodology includes the universal dialectical method, as well as general scientific (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, systemic) and specific scientific methods (formal legal, comparative legal, historical legal, statistical). Results. Identified and analyzed the main acts of pension legislation adopted in Great Britain in the first third of the twentieth century, that is, at the initial stage of its development. Conclusions. Unlike Germany and France, Great Britain, when adopting its first pension law (1908), relied on the principles of budgetary financing and the establishment of criteria for the needs of older persons. However, in subsequent years, a transition was made to a predominantly insurance system: the laws of 1911 and 1925 provided for the introduction of insurance pensions, financed by contributions from employees, employers, as well as with subsidiary participation of the state.
In this paper, we develop a comprehensive model of earnings and labor market dynamics, where employment and job change are endogenous. The model is estimated by applying the method of indirect ...inference on Swedish register data, and then used to carry out some policy experiments. There are three key conclusions from these experiments. First, employment shocks early in life can, to a larger extent, be mitigated before retirement compared with employment shocks occurring later. Second, we find that idiosyncratic productivity shocks, unobserved heterogeneity, and education contribute substantially to life‐cycle earnings inequality. Finally, we find that transitory shocks to employment risk have negative effects on earnings and employment in the short run but may increase labor market fluidity in the medium run.
At present, the world's countryside needs to be revitalized urgently, and cultivated land is the critical factor in promoting the countryside's revitalization. The reduction of uncultivated land ...contributes to the efficient use of rural land resources, contributing to global rural revitalization. This study uses data from 3938 Chinese peasant households conducted in 2014 and the OLS method to investigate the quantitative impact of institutional social insurance on cultivated land abandonment. The empirical results point to the following conclusions: (1) Institutional social insurance will weaken the social insurance function of land, which will lead to the generation of peasant households' cultivated land abandonment. More specifically, for every 1% increase in the level of institutional social insurance of peasant households, the area of cultivated land abandoned increased by 0.002 mu; (2) The influence of institutional social insurance on peasant households' cultivated land abandonment is heterogeneous, that is, endowment insurance can weaken the social insurance function of land more than medical insurance, and households with a higher proportion of pensioners are more likely to abandon cultivated land. This study's conclusions may help understand the relationship between institutional and non-institutional social insurance and provide a reference for the effective use of cultivated land resources in the global rural revitalization.
Contemporary states take a variety of measures, ranging from economic, social, cultural, and health to legal ones, to ensure the protection of the individual and the family. Social protection is ...substantially a form or a field of fulfilment of human needs. Economic assistance, social services and social care are considered social programs which aim to alleviate poverty, eliminate social exclusion, provide social care, enable the reintegration of all individuals, families and groups in need. The Republic of Kosovo, through positive law, has undertaken a series of economic and social measures which ensure the protection of the individual and the family. Social protection in the Republic of Kosovo is not defined by a special law, but it is defined by a package of laws. Thus, currently, in Kosovo there is necessary legal infrastructure for social protection beneficiaries, although not complete in the desired form and quality.
There is a strong movement to share individual patient data for secondary purposes, particularly for research. A major obstacle to broad data sharing has been the concern for patient privacy. One of ...the methods for protecting the privacy of patients in accordance with privacy laws and regulations is to anonymise the data before it is shared. This article describes the key concepts and principles for anonymising health data while ensuring it remains suitable for meaningful analysis.
Abstract Subject and purpose of work: The subject of this paper is to discuss the situation of entrepreneurs in the Polish social insurance system and to present postulates based on conclusions ...resulting from the analysis of the legal situation of entrepreneurs. Materials and methods: The institutional analysis method was used in the paper, which made it possible to present the situation of entrepreneurs in the Polish social insurance system. Based on the analysis of legal acts and the rules of the social security system, the main challenges and issues related to the non-agricultural business activity in Poland were pointed out. Results: As a result of the analyses, de lege ferenda postulates have been formulated indicating the need for changes in the area of social insurance for people engaged in non-agricultural business activity. Conclusions: Assuming that entrepreneurship is more valuable and that the right to social security can be exercised not only though the insurance process (but also by way of provision, cumulative, or assistance techniques), it is reasonable to introduce voluntary social insurance coverage for people engaged in non-agricultural business activities. With the introduction of voluntariness, it would be necessary to redefine the conditions of eligibility for the statutory minimum pension so that the rights to benefits are not abused.
PDF
