This article demonstrates the automatic generation control of a multi-area system incorporating various sources. Area-1 and area-2 consist of thermal and parabolic trough solar thermal plant (PTSTP) ...of fixed and random solar insolation, respectively, and area-3 comprises of thermal and realistic dish-stirling solar thermal system units. A maiden effort has been made to use a fractional order (FO) proportional-integral minus FO derivative with filter coefficient (FOPI-FODF) controller as a secondary controller. The controller gains are optimised using a novel algorithm called crow search algorithm. Comparisons of system dynamic response with and without renewable energy sources for FOPI-FODF, and for some commonly used integer order and FO controller's reveals the better performance of FOPI-FODF controller. A study comparing both fixed and random solar insolation in PTSTP of different areas have been tested. An accurate high-voltage direct current (AHVDC) line model is designed using inertia emulation strategy and is placed instead of AC tie line, and with parallel AC tie lines resulting in better system dynamic performances than AC tie line alone. The selection of the optimum location of AHVDC line in parallel AC tie line exposes the AHVDC line connected with the area where the system is disturbed.
•The description of packed bed storage system along with its working principle and design aspects is presented.•The various factors affecting the heat transfer involve within a packed bed are ...described along with the factors affecting thermal losses and pressure drop.•The various applications of the packed bed storage system for various temperature ranges are also discussed.•The economic aspect is also addressed including recent studies.
The development of renewable energy technologies provides a significant solution to deal with the energy crisis, along with resolving the environment related issues. Solar energy is one of the emerging technologies, which has been established as an effective alternative to fossil fuels and is an eco-friendly source for the sustainable development of society, throughout the globe. However, its rapid growth is dealing with many technical barriers like low efficiency, fluctuations in energy supply and economic hindrances. The intermittent nature of solar energy is also one of the major cause of fluctuations in energy supply which can be rectified by installing the storage unit with solar thermal systems. Packed bed storage system is an option for the solar thermal systems to store the energy during its availability and supply that stored energy at the time of requirement. This review is about its technical characteristics and economic feasibility of various applications of solar thermal system for different temperature ranges. Initially, the description of packed bed storage system along with its working principle and design aspects are discussed which is followed by details of its heat transfer fluid and packing element. The various factors affecting the heat transfer involve within a packed bed are described and after that the factors affecting thermal losses and pressure drop are also reported. The review also comprises the various applications of the packed bed storage system for various temperature ranges which is followed its economic aspect.
This comprehensive review discusses methods that have been used for the thermal management of photovoltaic modules. Particular attention has been paid to the use of phase change material (PCM) in the ...heat management of photovoltaic (PV), concentrating photovoltaic (CPV) and building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems. Regulating the temperature of PV systems comprised of crystalline silicon cells appears to be the most economically viable for the use of PV/PCM systems, as increases in temperature have the most detrimental effect on the efficiency of silicon solar cells compared to organic or thin film cells. Studies have shown that the use of PCM helps to improve the performance of PV although there is still more to be explored and improved particularly the solidification and discharge of PCM.
•The present study highlights the attempt of incorporating geothermal power plant (GTPP), dish-Stirling solar thermal system (DSTS) and high voltage direct current transmission (HVDC) link, with the ...conventional thermal system, in automatic generation control of an interconnected power system under deregulated environment. Appropriate generation rate constraints are provided in thermal systems.•A new fractional order (FO) cascade controller named as FO proportional-integral-FO proportional-integral-derivative (FOPI-FOPID) is proposed as secondary controller and its performance is compared with the commonly used classical controllers.•A stochastic algorithm, Sine Cosine Algorithm (SCA) is used to optimize the controller gains and other parameters.•Analyses of the dynamic responses reveal the superiority of FOPI-FOPID over the others in terms of settling time, peak deviation and magnitude of oscillation.•Performance index comparison is carried out and integral squared error is selected.•The effect of GTPP, DSTS and HVDC link have been examined separately and the responses disclose that integration of HVDC link to the combined system having both GTPP and DSTS along with thermal leads to better dynamics.•Sensitivity analysis of SCA optimized FOPI-FOPID controller parameters obtained at nominal Disco Participation Matrix (DPM) validate that they are healthy enough and need not be optimized for change in DPMs.
The present study highlights the attempt of incorporating geothermal power plant (GTPP), dish-Stirling solar thermal system (DSTS) and high voltage direct current transmission (HVDC) link, with the conventional thermal system, in automatic generation control of an interconnected power system under deregulated environment. Appropriate generation rate constraints are provided in thermal systems. A new fractional order (FO) cascade controller named as FO proportional-integral-FO proportional-integral-derivative (FOPI-FOPID) is proposed as secondary controller and its performance is compared with the commonly used classical controllers. A stochastic algorithm, Sine Cosine Algorithm (SCA) is used to optimize the controller gains and other parameters. Analyses of the dynamic responses reveal the superiority of FOPI-FOPID over the others in terms of settling time, peak deviation and magnitude of oscillation. Performance index comparison is carried out and integral squared error is selected. The effect of GTPP, DSTS and HVDC link have been examined separately and the responses disclose that integration of HVDC link to the combined system having both GTPP and DSTS along with thermal leads to better dynamics. Sensitivity analysis of SCA optimized FOPI-FOPID controller parameters obtained at nominal Disco Participation Matrix (DPM) validate that they are healthy enough and need not be optimized for change in DPMs.
Layout of solar sea water MED system. Display omitted
•Multi - effect sea water desalination system using solar energy with a capacity of 10 m3 has been commissioned and experimented.•Ejector is used ...to maintain vacuum pressure in the MED at 100 mbar with entrainment ratio of 0.35.•Distillate water produced was 7,000 litres per day during experimentation.•Distillate water quality produced was 1 ppm.
A multi - effect desalination (MED) system with a capacity of 10 m3 has been designed, fabricated, erected and experimented to convert sea water into potable water using solar energy. Steam is flashed initially in the flash chamber of the desalination plant, using hot water from a solar flat plate collector field and is fed to the first stage of the multi-effect evaporator. The average hot water temperature realised from the collector field is 75°C. In the multi-stage evaporator, sea water is sprayed parallelly to vacuum pressure to produce water vapour and simultaneously condense the water vapour flashing through the tube from the flash chamber / previous effects. The brine and condensate is carried to the last stage of the multi-effect desalination (MED) system by utilizing monometric head. It is observed that during the experimentation, the maximum temperature difference between inlet and outlet of the condenser cooling water is 13°C. The ejector is used to maintain the vacuum pressure during the operation of MED system including flash chamber. Experimental studies on the MED system is carried out to understand the performance as well as thermal behaviour of the system using exclusively solar energy.
•This paper reviews the thermal system configurations for solar applications.•The solar energy collection techniques as an input for TEG systems are discussed.•Utilization of rejected heat from TEG ...for secondary usage is discussed.•Storage and reuse of TEG rejected heat for night-time operations are discussed.•PV-TEG hybrid systems and solar desalination with TEG are discussed.
Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) have become a notable topic for research in the last three decades. TEG is a promising element in the field of renewable energy in this age of ever-increasing energy demands. A TEG is a compact, quiet, highly reliable and environment friendly device with no moving parts. Although TEG finds its place in various applications, enhancing its efficiency is a focus in the field of thermoelectrics. Various solar thermal system configurations increase the efficiency of TEG for a given thermoelectric material. This review work predominantly focuses on these configurations for the solar applications of TEG as a vital tool in the field of solar energy. The paper thus, summarizes earlier literature works done to improve the efficiency of TEG through thermal system configurations, provides an outlook of present trends in the applications of TEG in a solar thermal system configuration with an outline of future research in TEG.
This article presents automatic generation control (AGC) of an interconnected two-area hybrid thermal system with additional power generation from dish-Stirling solar thermal system (DSTS) and wind ...turbine system (WTS). Each area is equipped with Integral (I), Proportional-Integral (PI), and Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) as secondary controllers to regulate power output of thermal system and maintain the power balance. This facilitates maintaining the frequency close to its nominal value. Biogeography-based optimization (BBO) technique is used for simultaneous optimization of controller parameters. System dynamics are evaluated with step load perturbation and random load perturbation in Area1. The performance of PID is found improved in comparison to I and PI controller in terms of settling time, peak deviation and magnitude of oscillation. Investigation shows that BBO optimized PID controller parameters obtained at nominal conditions are robust enough and not necessary to optimize for wide changes in renewable energy sources, area capacity ratio, system loading, and inertia constant (H). Thus, integration of DSTS and WTS for AGC of interconnected system is safely attributed.
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•Application of dish-Stirling solar thermal in AGC of interconnected hybrid system.•BBO technique is used for simultaneous optimisation of classical controller gains.•Effect of changes in solar, wind energy sources & area capacity ratio is tested out.•Random load perturbation is applied in hybrid system to inspect the power balance.•Integration of dish-Stirling solar thermal for AGC is safely attributed.
