The study selects and analyzes quantitative and qualitative indicators of somatic components retrieved from E.G. Vodolazkin’s novel «Lavr». The illustrative material reveals the universal and ...national value orientations of the regular and author’s somatic phraseological units. The most frequently used components-somatisms (eyes, head, soul, heart, hand, body) reflect the social and cultural experience of a Russian person and transform them into their own values, attitudes, positions, representing the sacred-mental essence of the nominations of the human body with vivid imagery, stylistic diversity. The analysis of the card file of the used somatic phraseological units demonstrates culturally marked Church Slavonisms that create expressive and emotional images of the Middle Ages and carry evaluative, aesthetic perception in the objective, existential aspects. One of the advantages of the novel is the somaticisms that perform various universal functions in the literary text, both for characterizing the appearance of the characters, the physical and physiological state, and for the conciseness of the narrative speech, for the emotive and emotional state of the main characters. The individual author’s somatic phraseological units detailing the ideological content of the literary text are presented. The analysis allows us present the author’s artistic picture of the world as a part of the linguistic picture of the world of a Russian person. The end-to-end anthropocentricity is a indicative characteristic of the somatic phraseology of the novel «Lavr». The article provides a semantic characteristic and determines the functional potential of more than two hundred and fifty somatic phraseological units used in the novel.
Krystyna Pisarkowa – The One Who Inspires The article consists of three parts. In the first one: Krystyna Pisarkowa as a Supervisor, the author shares her memories from the times when she wrote the ...doctoral thesis supervised by Pisarkowa. In the second part: Krystyna Pisarkowa – the Author of an Article, the author discusses how the text by Pisarkowa entitled Semantic Connotation of Nationalities provided inspiration to fourteen authors of twenty-three monographs and one lexicon. Most of those scholars are experts in Polish language and linguists, but the thoughts included in Pisarkowa’s article also influenced two experts in Russian studies: one sociologist and one anthropologist of culture. Those books were published within 40 years (1980–2020). Five of them were published after the death of Krystyna Pisarkowa. This proves the power of her article’s influence. The third part of the article is entitled Supplement. It describes the history of the book by Ogden and Richards: The Meaning of Meaning. A Study of The Influence of Language upon Thought and of The Science of Symbolism with Supplementary Essays by B. Malinowski and F. G. Crookshank, which followed a strange route from London and reached Pisarkowa who used it while writing: Linguistics by Bronisław Malinowski, vol. 1: Bonds of Shared Language (2000).
The article includes the analysis of Polish and Bulgarian somatic phrases with the meaning justified with components, i.e., the names of the parts of the body having a semantic feature of mental ...functions “designed for speaking” in the semantic structure. This semantic feature is very productive, and it justified the meaning of a few hundred of collected phrases in both languages. The most productive ones are NA: usta – уста, човка and język, jęzor, ozór – език, much less: ząb, zęby – зъб, зъби, wargi – устни, джуки, nos – нос and gardło – гърло. Moreover, in Polish, as opposed to Bulgarian, the functional semantic feature “designed for speaking” was distinguished in the structure of a few other NA: ślina, piersi “klatka piersiowa” and płuca. However, in Bulgarian, this function was as well ascribed to NA: чене, мустаци. The analysed somatic phrases concern two categories: silence and speaking (characterized in terms of starting the action of speaking, the content of the utterance and the manner of speaking). The article demonstrates the characteristics of the motivation of the semantics of the collected phrases in each of the compared languages (e.g. the motives of horse-riding in Polish, the motives of damaging and using up the organs of speech, the motive of fight etc.).
Artykuł zawiera analizę polskich i bułgarskich frazeologizmów ze znaczeniem motywowanym przez komponenty – nazwy części ciała posiadające w strukturze semantycznej sem funkcji psychicznych ‘służy do mówienia’. Omawiany sem jest bardzo produktywny i w obu językach umotywował znaczenia kilkuset frazeologizmów. Najbardziej produktywne są NA: usta – уста, човка oraz język, jęzor, ozór – език; znacznie mniej: ząb, zęby – зъб, зъби; wargi – устни, джуки; nos – нос oraz gardło – гърло. Ponadto w języku polskim – w odróżnieniu od bułgarskiego – sem funkcyjny ‘służy do mówienia’ wyróżniono w strukturze kilku innych NA: ślina, piersi ‘klatka piersiowa’ oraz płuca. Natomiast w języku bułgarskimfunkcję tę przypisano także NA: чене, мустаци. Analizowane frazeologizmy somatyczne dotyczą dwóch aspektów: milczenia oraz mówienia (charakteryzowanego pod względem rozpoczęcia czynności mówienia, treści wypowiadanego komunikatu i sposobu mówienia). W artykule wykazano specyfikę motywacji semantyki frazeologizmów w każdym z porównywanych języków (np. motywy jeździeckie w języku polskim; motywy uszkodzenia i zużycia narządów mowy; motyw walki itd.).
The article includes the analysis of Polish and Bulgarian somatic phrases with the meaning justified with substantial components – the names of the parts of the body having a semantic feature ...‘designed for thinking’ in the semantic structure. This semantic feature belongs to mental functions in the categories of semantic features and it justified the meaning of the number of collected phrases in Bulgarian (about 60) twice as big as in Polish (about 30). The most productive components of analysed phrases are NA (nomen anatomicum) Polish głowa (łeb), Bulgarian глава and мозък. NA Polish mózg and exceptionally NA Polish ciemię i mózgownica are rarely used in the function of the component. Furthermore, the observations of productivity of NA lead to the conclusion that metonymic alternations of NA: глава – мозък are used in Bulgarian more often. They are based on the same function of both exchanged parts of the body: designed for thinking. However, in Polish exceptional and rare metonymies are possible: głowa – ciemię and głowa – mózgownica. The semantics of Polish and Bulgarian phrases concerns two categories: 1) the process of thinking (as a way of learning and memorizing as well as upsetting oneself); 2) the characteristics and the evaluation of human’s intellectual abilities. A detailed analysis was conducted within the confines of collections that realize the relations of initial phase, continuation and finalization. Furthermore, it was proved that very productive metaphors that organize the imagery in Polish and Bulgarian somatic phrases are the ontological metaphor of a container and the structural metaphor of a machine.
W artykule zawarto analizę polskich i bułgarskich frazeologizmów somatycznych ze znaczeniem motywowanym przez komponenty imienne – nazwy części ciała posiadające w strukturzesemantycznej sem ‘służy do myślenia’. Omawiany sem należy do kategorii semów funkcji psychicznych i umotywował w języku bułgarskim znaczenie dwukrotnie większej liczby zebranych frazeologizmów (około 60) niż w języku polskim (ok. 30). Najbardziej produktywnymi komponentami analizowanych frazeologizmów są NA pol. głowa (łeb), bułg. глава oraz мозък. Rzadko używany jest w funkcji komponentu NA pol. mózg, a wyjątkowo NA pol. ciemię i mózgownica. Obserwacje produktywności NA prowadzą ponadto do wniosku, iż język bułgarski częściej stosuje metonimiczne wymiany NA: глава – мозък, oparte na tej samej funkcji obu wymienionych części ciała: służą do myślenia. W języku polskim natomiast są możliwe wyjątkowe i rzadkie metonimie: głowa – ciemię oraz głowa – mózgownica. Semantyka frazeologizmów polskich i bułgarskich dotyczy dwóch kategorii: 1) proces myślenia (jako uczenia się i zapamiętywania oraz martwienia się); 2) charakterystyka i ocena zdolności intelektualnych człowieka. Analizę szczegółową przeprowadzono w ramach zbiorów realizujących relacje ingresywizacji, kontynuacji i finalizacji. Wykazano ponadto, że bardzo produktywnymi metaforami organizującymi obrazowanie w polskich i bułgarskich frazeologizmach somatycznych są: ontologiczna metafora pojemnika oraz strukturalna metafora maszyny
This article focuses on phrasemes with the elements srce ‘heart’ and duša ‘soul’ that were collected in the eastern Lower Carniolan local dialect of Šentrupert and then lexicographically organized. ...They are classified into semantic groups and discussed in terms of their semantic similarity and expressing positive and negative emotional connotations. The article concludes with a presentation of new Šentrupert phrasemes that have not been included in Slovenian phraseology literature to date.
The article includes the analysis of Polish and Bulgarian somatic phrases with the meaning justified with substantial components – the names of the parts of the body having a semantic feature ...‘designed for thinking’ in the semantic structure. This semantic feature belongs to mental functions in the categories of semantic features and it justified the meaning of the number of collected phrases in Bulgarian (about 60) twice as big as in Polish (about 30). The most productive components of analysed phrases are NA (nomen anatomicum) Polish głowa (łeb), Bulgarian глава and мозък. NA Polish mózg and exceptionally NA Polish ciemię i mózgownica are rarely used in the function of the component. Furthermore, the observations of productivity of NA lead to the conclusion that metonymic alternations of NA: глава – мозък are used in Bulgarian more often. They are based on the same function of both exchanged parts of the body: designed for thinking. However, in Polish exceptional and rare metonymies are possible: głowa – ciemię and głowa – mózgownica. The semantics of Polish and Bulgarian phrases concerns two categories: 1) the process of thinking (as a way of learning and memorizing as well as upsetting oneself); 2) the characteristics and the evaluation of human’s intellectual abilities. A detailed analysis was conducted within the confines of collections that realize the relations of initial phase, continuation and finalization. Furthermore, it was proved that very productive metaphors that organize the imagery in Polish and Bulgarian somatic phrases are the ontological metaphor of a container and the structural metaphor of a machine.
Polish and Bulgarian Phrasemes with a Nominal Component ‘Ucho – Uszy’ / ‘Ухо – Уши’ ‘Ear – Ears’: The paper analyzes Polish and Bulgarian phrasemes with the nominal component ‘ucho – uszy’ / ‘ухо – ...уши’ ‘ear – ears’. Based on motivation, they form three internally different groups. The first group includes phrasemes whose meaning reveals functional, anatomical and spatial slogans inherent in the semantic structure of the lexeme ‘ear’ naming a part of the body. The second group consists of phraseological compounds with cultural motivation, and the third group includes units with the lexeme ‘ear’ used in figurative meanings. Most of the symbolic meanings attributed to the ear have been fixed in both Polish and Bulgarian phraseological compounds. The compounds that differ in meaning in the two languages are few; more common is the expansion of meaning in one of the languages. In both Polish and Bulgarian data, there are units that have no equivalent in the other language.
Neste artigo analízanse as unidades fraseolóxicas (UUFF) somáticas do español que reflicten as accións e as actitudes do receptor/oínte discursivo. O estudo que se presenta aquí revela que o corpus ...de UUFF metalingüísticas seleccionado conforma unha serie fraseolóxica na que a motivación figurativa descansa nun conxunto de patróns metafóricos e metonímicos recorrentes. Así mesmo, o valor metalingüístico deste grupo de unidades defínese e clasifícase con vistas a extraer conclusións acerca da concepción sobre a linguaxe –como parte da realidade– que subxace nesta esfera fraseolóxica do español. // This article analyzes a corpus of Spanish idioms based on terms for body parts that are related to the attitudes and the activity of the hearer as discursive recipient. This study reveals that this group of expressions constitute a phraseological series whose figurative motivation relies on a set of recurrent metaphorical and metonymical patterns. Besides this, the metalinguistic value of this corpus of idioms is defined and classified in order to determine which is the conception of language –as a part of reality– that underlies this sphere of Spanish phraseology.
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