The article examines the strategic experience of introducing smart specialization in Ukraine using the methods of strategic analysis, financial analysis, generalization, statistics, critical ...thinking. It has been proved that the state priorities of Ukraine's strategic development have changed. The concept of providing state aid to industries that cannot withstand competition has been changed to the concept of identifying specialized functional areas based on the principles of reasonableness, sustainability and inclusiveness of development, the ability to integrate into value chains of world markets. The above more locally meets the requirements of the competitive environment, minimizes the risks of scattered financing, increases the level of effectiveness of strategic planning, innovative and technological development of the state as a whole. The inconsistency of the state and regional strategic support for the introduction of reasonable specialization was established against the background of determining the effectiveness of the use of such forms of cooperation as the cluster model and cross-functional interaction. The need for standardization and greater regulation of the smart specialization procedure at both the conceptual, methodological and practical levels is determined. Ukrainian smart specialization is constrained by the insufficient potential for the implementation of regional development strategies, the urgent need to adapt the method of assessing smart specialization in the format of entrepreneurial discovery to the Ukrainian realities of types of economic activity, insufficient funding of potential functional territories, low initiative, diversification and self-organization. The delay in the implementation of reasonable specialization of activities in Ukraine is explained by the need for additional time to reconfigure the socio-economic system at all levels and to understand the territorial needs, the prospects of choosing from existing opportunities and its consequences.
Este relato busca descrever a experiência do processo de tutoria a distância do Curso de Especialização Multiprofissional na Atenção Básica no Brasil, realizado nos estados de Santa Catarina e ...Paraná. O curso teve como público profissionais de saúde, entre esses: médicos, enfermeiros e dentistas, vinculados ao “Programa de Valorização da Atenção Básica” e ao “Programa Mais Médicos no Brasil”, totalizando 1.600 profissionais. O curso foi estruturado a partir de três eixos teóricos e com mediação pedagógica realizada por uma equipe de tutoria. A metodologia adotada foi a problematizadora, desenvolvida a partir de uma postura crítica sobre a realidade, no processo de ensino aprendizagem. Os tutores realizaram orientação pedagógica, apoio ao uso das mídias e tecnologias e avaliação das atividades didáticas realizadas no curso. Os alunos avaliaram positivamente, a didática e conteúdo programático do curso e o desempenho dos tutores. Almeja-se que esta experiência possa ser vista como possibilidade de impulsionar outras experiências na formação em saúde.
The question 'what renders a species extinction prone' is crucial to biologists. Ecological specialization has been suggested as a major constraint impeding the response of species to environmental ...changes. Most neoecological studies indicate that specialists suffer declines under recent environmental changes. This was confirmed by many paleoecological studies investigating longer-term survival. However, phylogeneticists, studying the entire histories of lineages, showed that specialists are not trapped in evolutionary dead ends and could even give rise to generalists. Conclusions from these approaches diverge possibly because (i) of approach-specific biases, such as lack of standardization for sampling efforts (neoecology), lack of direct observations of specialization (paleoecology), or binary coding and prevalence of specialists (phylogenetics); (ii) neoecologists focus on habitat specialization; (iii) neoecologists focus on extinction of populations, phylogeneticists on persistence of entire clades through periods of varying extinction and speciation rates; (iv) many phylogeneticists study species in which specialization may result from a lack of constraints. We recommend integrating the three approaches by studying common datasets, and accounting for range-size variation among species, and we suggest novel hypotheses on why certain specialists may not be particularly at risk and consequently why certain generalists deserve no less attention from conservationists than specialists.
This paper examines the costs and benefits of early specialization in sport from a skill acquisition perspective. The focus is on whether early specialization in a single sport is the best way to ...facilitate the acquisition of skill in that sport. The paper is organized relative to the two major conceptual frameworks that have motivated much of the discussion about early specialization in sport: the theory of deliberate practice and the Developmental Model of Sport Participation. Our analysis reveals that while early specialization in sport is one way to reach elite status, it is not the only way. Considerable evidence shows that many elite athletes specialized in their sport late, following diversified experiences with other sports. These findings raise a number of exciting questions about the long-term development of skill in sport.
This article provides a historical overview of the practice of early sport specialization, primarily in the United States. Sport specialization as practiced by young athletes has been a common ...occurrence in several individual sports for more than 60 years. More recently, focusing on one sport has gained traction as common practice for young athletes involved in team sports. Sport specialization as a topic of research inquiry has been examined by various disciplines in kinesiology to determine the efficacy of the practice, the physiological effects, and the advantages and disadvantages, as well as to offer possible solutions to the drawbacks associated with sport specialization. Popular press outlets, including newspapers, books, magazines, and online sources, have also joined the debate over the merits of sport specialization.
In contemporary sport, it is common to see children initiating their specialization at ever younger ages with the hope that this early start will assist them in making the elite ranks at a later age. ...The growing acceptance of early sport specialization has led to equally growing concerns among researchers. Clearly, as this thematic volume attests, early sport specialization is a controversial phenomenon. Sport philosophers have started to study the challenging issues related to early sport specialization and thus there is emerging literature addressing such issues. This paper reviews the sport philosophy literature touching on early sport specialization and focuses on some fundamental philosophical issues raised by early sport specialization. These issues are related to the right of children to an open future, dangerous sports, competition and coaching, and doping and genetic enhancements. The paper concludes with a brief commentary on the relevance of these issues for policy making.
One of the primary dilemmas surrounding the topic of early sport specialization is whether the practice develops talent or creates long-term psychological problems. The purpose of this paper is to ...discuss this issue using psychosocial and developmental frameworks. This review begins with an overview of several developmentallybased constructs (e.g., biological maturation, perceived competence, body image, self-identity, motivational orientation) that are relevant to the sport domain. These developmental progressions are then used to address some potential implications for children who begin intensive training and competition at an early age. Next, some socioenvironmental factors are explored, with specific links made to the early sport specialization process. Finally, the paper ends with four recommendations for future research on the topic.
Conclusions ERPs showed RH processing biases in a recognition memory task using atypical nonverbal materials: dot patterns to test spatial localisation, melodic sequences to test musical contour ...analysis, and subsequent crossmodal pairings of dots and melodies to focus on relational memory processing. Verbal materials matched for stimulus novelty and presentation and response mode showed a LH processing bias only when presented visually; future experiments will explore this outcome by contrasting low-frequency abstract words with nonwords.
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