Sportif performans ve BDNF ilişkisi Bulğay,Celal; Çetin,Ebru; Ergün,Mehmet Ali
Gazi tıp dergisi,
09/2020, Volume:
31, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Spor genetiği, günümüzde yeteneklerin belirlenmesinde, geliştirilmesinde ve uygun antrenman programlarının hazırlanmasında kullanılan önemli bir biyolojik belirteçtir. Bu derlemenin amacı, sportif ...performans ve BDNF ilişkisini özetlemek ve bu alandaki araştırmalar için veri kaynağı oluşturmaktır. Genetik farklılıklar kimilerini çok kısa bir dönem hedeflerine ulaştırırken, kimilerini de oldukça uzun bir dönem dilimi sonrası optimal performansa ulaştırabilmektedir. İnsan Genom Projesi (İGP), insan genomu hakkında bilim dünyasına önemli bilgiler kazandırmıştır. Bu projenin tamamlanması ile birlikte genlerin yaklaşık olarak sayısı, lokasyonları, yapıları ve fonksiyonları hakkında önemli bilgilere ulaşıldı. Genetik yapı ile performans arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi İGP’nin tamamlanmasının ardından daha da önem kazanmıştır. Bu proje sonrası yaklaşık 250 genin insan performansı üzerinde etkisi olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bu genlerden biri de sportif performansla ilişkisi olduğu düşünülen ve spor bilimcilerin son zamanlarda ilgi duyduğu beyin kaynaklı nörotrofik faktör (BDNF) genidir. BDNF’nin spor biliminde yeni bir araştırma konusu olması ve gelecekte sportif performans için önemli hedef genlerden biri olması düşünülmektedir. Sonuç olarak değişen egzersiz türleri BDNF serum etkisini farklılaştırabilmektedir. Buda bize egzersizin BDNF üzerinde etki oluşturabileceğini göstermektedir. Ancak Egzersizle artan BDNF nin performans üzerine etkisi ile ilgili henüz net bir ilişkinin belirlenmediği durumu da ortadadır.
While product of the myostatin gene (MSTN) is an important factor influencing muscle growth, which is well confirmed in nonhuman species, it has not been clearly confirmed whether MSTN expression ...influences interindividual differences in skeletal muscle mass, affects posttraining changes, or plays a role in the age-related loss of muscle mass and function in humans. Although the inconclusive results are usually explained by ethnic differences and the low frequency of some alleles, it is possible that the role of receptors (ACVR2A and ACVR2B) that affect the biological activity of myostatin is crucial. Therefore, we investigated the sequences of the MSTN, ACVR2A, and ACVR2B genes and determined the interaction between allelic variants and athletic performance and competition level in the Caucasian population. One hundred-two athletes were recruited for the sequencing study, and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed. Second, 330 athletes and 365 controls were included, and real-time PCR was performed.
The sequence analysis revealed two polymorphisms relatively common in the athlete cohort, and the alternate allele showed overrepresentation in athletes: MSTN rs11333758 and ACVR2A rs3764955. Regarding the polymorphic site MSTN rs11333758, there was a significant overrepresentation of the -/- genotype in all high-elite and mixed-sport high-elite athletes. Carriers of the ACVR2A rs3764955 CC and GG genotypes were more likely to be elite and high-elite athletes. In addition, carriers of the CC genotype were more likely to be in the mixed-sport subelite group. The gene‒gene interaction analysis revealed that mixed-sport high elite athletes showed significant underrepresentation of the ACVR2A rs3764955 GC - MSTN rs11333758 AA genotype combination. In the same group, we observed a significant overrepresentation of the ACVR2A rs3764955 GC - MSTN rs11333758 -/- and the ACVR2A rs3764955 CC - MSTN rs11333758 -/- genotype combinations.
We showed that the specific genotypes of the MSTN rs11333758 and ACVR2A rs3764955, either individually or in gene‒gene combination, are significantly associated with athletes' competition level in the Polish population, especially in the mixed-sports athlete group. Thus, although further research is required, these polymorphisms, alone or in combination with other polymorphisms, are among the numerous candidates that could explain individual variations in muscle phenotypes.
Polymorphisms located in IL1A and IL6 are promising markers of obesity-related traits; however, studies concerning their potential impact on the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions are lacking. ...Therefore, the aim was to examine the association between the polymorphic sites located in IL1A (rs1800587) and IL6 (rs1800795, rs1800796, and rs1800797) and the body's response to a 12-week training program. We studied the genotype distribution in a group of 168 Caucasian females in whom body mass and composition parameters, the lipid profile, and glucose levels were measured before and after the exercise period. Our results showed that carriers of the IL1A rs1800597 CC genotype exhibited a significant decrease in total body water (TBW) in response to training (p = 0.045). Additionally, carriers of the IL6 rs1800797 GG and GA genotypes demonstrated a posttraining decrease in body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.039). Haplotype analysis revealed that only rare haplotypes, namely, GGA, CGG and CCG (rs1800795, rs1800796, and rs1800797, respectively), were linked to changes in phenotype, yet assessing individual haplotype effects was not possible. Studies of the interactions between these genes showed that carrying the TC-GG genotype (rs1800587-rs1800795 and rs1800587-rs1800796) may be associated with greater posttraining decreases in fat mass percentage (%FM) and fat-free mass (FM). Carriers of the CC-CG genotype (rs1800587-rs1800795) had significantly greater changes in triglycerides (TGL) over the training period. Our study showed that the IL1A and IL6 genotypes, either individually, in haplotype, or in gene-gene combination, may modify training-induced changes in body mass, composition, glucose levels, and the lipid profile in healthy women.
Molecular genetic methods are an integral part of recent medicine. Polymerase chain reaction, Sanger sequencing, next-generation sequencing are widely used in many areas: diagnostics of infectious, ...inherited, oncological diseases, prenatal screening, study of polymorphisms that increase the risk of developing multifactorial diseases or promoting development physical qualities necessary to achieve success in sports and competitive activity. The growing demand for genotyping raises a number of ethical and social issues affecting the degree of usefulness of genotyping a healthy person and the scientific reliability of the data obtained using direct-to-consumer genetic testing.
The review presents and systematizes the laboratory diagnostic methods used today to study nucleic acids that carry important information about human health and physical qualities.
Bu derlemenin amacı, atletik performans ve MCT1 gen T1470A polimorfizm ilişkisini özetlemek ve bu alandaki araştırmalar için veri kaynağı oluşturmaktır. Atletik başarı üzerine psikolojik, fiziksel, ...sosyokültürel ve fizyolojik faktörlerin etkisi uzun yıllardır spor bilimcilerin ilgi alanı olmuştur. Genetik biliminin gelişmesine paralel olarak yaklaşık 20 yıldır atletik performansla gen polimorfizmi arasındaki ilişki giderek artan bir ilgi ile hedef araştırma konusu olmuştur. Genetik biliminin gelişmesi ve sporcularda üst düzey performans seviyesinin daha iyi olması için bu ilginin ilerleyen yıllarda da büyüyerek devam edeceği aşikardır. Spor geni olarak adlandırılan aday genler, direkt veya dolaylı yoldan sporcuların atletik performanslarına etki eden biyolojik süreçleri kontrol eden genlerin toplamıdır. Bu genlerden biri de atletik performansla ilişkisi olduğu düşünülen ve bilim insanlarının son zamanlarda ilgi duyduğu MCT1 T1470A rs1049434 genidir. Sonuç olarak, yüksek kan laktat düzeyinin bireysel becerilerin performansa yansıtılmasını kısıtlayabileceği söylenebilir. MCT1 gen polimorfizminin dayanıklılık kriteri olmanın yanı sıra, kişiye yönelik branş seçimi, antrenman programları oluşturulması ve performans gelişimini gözlemlemek için de kullanılabilir.
Dopamine receptor D2 gene (
) polymorphisms have been associated with cognitive abilities, obesity, addictions, and physical-activity-related behaviors, which may underlie differences in the ...effectiveness of training programs. What is not yet clear is the impact of
polymorphisms on the effectiveness of exercise programs. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the association between the
polymorphic sites (rs1076560, rs12364283, rs1799732, rs1800497, and rs1800498) and the body's response to regular physical activity. We studied genotypes and haplotypes distribution in a group of 165 females measured for body mass and body composition measurements, lipid profile, and glucose levels before and after realization of a 12-week training program. When tested individually, statistical analyses revealed one significant genotype by training interaction under the general model (for the basal metabolic rate, BMR,
= 0.033). Carriers of the rs1076560 CC genotype exhibited a decrease in BMR in response to training (
= 0.006). Haplotype analyses also showed that (i) the CACCC and CACTT haplotypes were associated with a post-training decrease in glucose level (β = -4.11,
= 0.032; β = -6.86,
= 0.020, respectively); (ii) the CGCCT with an increase in BMR (β = 0.65,
= 0.003) and fat free mass (FFM, β = 1.20,
= 0.009); (iii) the CA-CT with a decrease in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL, β = -17.26,
= 0.046). These results provide some evidence that the
polymorphisms may play a role in post-training changes in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and, as a consequence, in the effectiveness of training programs.
In the present study, the effect of ACE rs1799752 polymorphism on maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) in ice hockey players was analyzed. For this reason, 21 male National Ice Hockey players, aged ...between 18-25, were recruited for the study. The conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used on the genotype rs1799752 polymorphism. The VO2max values were calculated by using the 20m Shuttle Run tests. The numbers and percentages of the II, ID and DD genotypes were 9 (%43), 7 (%33), and 5 (%24), respectively. The allelic distribution for I and D alleles was found to be 25 (60%) and 17 (40%), respectively. The mean VO2max of all the athletes was calculated as 47.52 ml. The mean VO2max of the II, ID, and DD genotypes were 49.74ml, 47.34 ml, and 46.43 ml, respectively. We found that the oxygen utilization capacity increased from the DD genotype to the II genotype. However, this increase was not statistically significant (p> 0.05). In order to confirm our findings, it is recommended that larger prospective studies depending on the effect of the relevant polymorphisms needed to be carried out.
Muscle stiffness, muscle elasticity and explosive strength are the main components of athletes’ performance and they show a sex-based as well as ethnicity variation. Muscle stiffness is thought to be ...one of the risk factors associated with sports injuries and is less common in females than in males. These observations may be explained by circulating levels of sex hormones and their specific receptors. It has been shown that higher levels of estrogen are associated with lower muscle stiffness responsible for suppression of collagen synthesis. It is thought that these properties, at least in part, depend on genetic factors. Particularly, the gene encoding estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) is one of the candidates that may be associated with muscle stiffness. Muscle elasticity increases with aging and there is evidence suggesting that titin (encoded by the TTN gene), a protein that is expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscles, is one of the factors responsible for elastic properties of the muscles. Mutations in the TTN gene result in some types of muscular dystrophy or cardiomyopathy. In this context, TTN may be regarded as a promising candidate for studying the elastic properties of muscles in athletes. The physiological background of explosive strength depends not only on the muscle architecture and muscle fiber composition, but also on the central nervous system and functionality of neuromuscular units. These properties are, at least partly, genetically determined. In this context, the ACTN3 gene code for α-actinin 3 has been widely researched.
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