LYSÝ, Miroslav.The relationship between plots of land and things connected with them on the basis of the Žilina law book. Historický časopis, 2022, 70, 3, pp. 385–402, Bratislava. The paper based on ...the analysis of municipal law in the town of Žilina is concerned with legal relation of plots of land and the things attached to them. The town code of Žilina was an expression of the Magdeburg law and it reached Žilina through the influence of the town of Krupina. The tavernical law is also analysed, as well as some other Hungarian sources related to municipal law (especially the Opus Tripartitum). The analysis of these sources suggests that in spite of the absence of the superficies solo cedit principle as a visible rule, all disputable things related to the connection of a plot of land and a movable property or a construction are consequently solved by the unity of the property of such a plot of land and a thing connected to it. Such a solution can also be found especially in cases like constructions or other objects on a rented plot of land, but also in some other cases, like a flight of a hive to another plot of land. Conclusions formulated in this study are collected mostly from the area of the Žilina law or the tavernical law, but in contrast, such solutions are not to be found in the Bratislava law or in other towns. This fact is probably caused by the lower urbanization level of Žilina in contrast with Bratislava and in the density of constructions of these areas. By higher density of construction we can presume the lower level of constructing on such rented plots of land. If we can find such examples from the towncode of Žilina, it is possible to generalize this for other towns, too.
After six years of Polish local government authorities practising participatory budgeting only within the framework of locally regulated consultation procedures, the year 2018 marked the official ...establishment of the statutory basis of the instrument in question. The adoption of statutory regulations for participatory budgeting has, on the one hand, legitimised the current practices of local government authorities to some extent, but on the other hand, making participatory budgets an obligatory instrument in towns and cities with poviat rights has warped the idea of participation. The article offers an assessment of the application of the new statutory basis of participatory budgeting in the light of the provisions regulating the planning and spending of public expenditure, accompanied by remarks on the origin of adoption of this instrument in other countries. The main aim of the article is to make the said assessment while maintaining a balance between the arguments for and against the utility of participatory budgeting from the perspective of Polish local government authorities. The discussion featured in the article comes with a question raised thus far quite rarely in the relevant literature: what is the legal nature of public expenditure spent within the framework of a participatory budget?
Predmetom štúdie je vzťah pozemkov a stavieb v mestách. Táto veľmi praktická otázka, ktorá sa v učenom práve objavuje systematicky a je riešená už v starovekom Ríme v podobe tzv. superficiálnej ...zásady, mala vplyv na majetkové pomery vlastníkov nehnuteľností. V štúdii túto otázku skúmame prostredníctvom zbierky žilinského mestského práva, no taktiež za pomoci taverníckeho práva a niektorých ďalších uhorských prameňov súvisiacich s mestským právom (najmä Opus Tripartitum). Analýza týchto prameňov preukazuje, že napriek absencii superficiálnej zásady v uhorskom práve v podobe zreteľne formulovaného pravidla, všetky sporné veci súvisiace so spojením pozemku a hnuteľnej veci alebo stavby sa riešia konzekventne vyjadrením jednoty vlastníctva tohto pozemku a veci s ním spojeným. Takéto riešenia nachádzame najmä v prípade postavenia stavieb alebo iných objektov na prenajatom pozemku, ale aj v prípadoch ako bol únik roja včiel na iný pozemok. Závery formulované v tejto štúdii sme zhromaždili prevažne z prostredia žilinského práva a taverníckeho práva, naproti tomu podobné riešenia absentujú v práve mesta Bratislavy a v iných mestách. Táto skutočnosť zrejme súvisí s menším stupňom urbanizácie Žiliny v porovnaní s Bratislavou a s mierou zastavanosti týchto lokalít. Pri vyššej miere zastavanosti potom existuje nepriama úmera v podobe nižšej úrovni stavania na prenajatých pozemkoch. Hoci spomínané príklady poznáme práve zo Žilinskej mestskej knihy, je možné tieto závery zovšeobecniť aj pre iné mestá.
The ancient history of the concept of condominium and the particular attitude towards the right of ownership of an apartment has attracted worldwide recognition for this type of property. The concept ...of condominium is based on three components: (1) individual ownership of an apartment; (2) joint possession of common property of a plot of land and parts of a building; and (3) membership in an owners’ association. An apartment in a condominium is an exception to the principle of
in property law. In this case, the rights of ownership of owners of apartments in a condominium—the rights of ownership of a number of persons—are accumulated with regard to a plot of land. This article analyses, on the one hand, the peculiarities of apartment ownership in condominiums, Georgian legislation—which is the result of the reception of German civil law, and, on the other hand, the court practice developed on these issues in Georgian law.
The new approach to a thing enables the concept of residential co-ownership within the superficiary right of building. Residential co-ownership may be created where a building with at least two ...apartments forms the component part of the immovable thing. The superficiary right of building is established as a derivative of the superficies solo cedit principle. Therefore, it requires the accession of building and land. The building is no longer a separate thing in the legal sense, but part of the superficiary right of building. If the building which is part of the superficiary right of building contains two apartments, then residential co-ownership may also be established as part of the superficiary right of building
The Czech Republic has been dealing for the last four years with a legal revolution in the field of private law. A new Civil Code was adopted in 2012 and many new and forgotten legal figures were ...restored in the text of the code. An interesting example of forgotten legal figures is the superficiary right of building, which has again entered the legal order of the Czech Republic after a long one hundred years. Unlike the Act on the Superficiary Right of Building of 1912, the new Civil Code extends the scope of persons that may create the superficiary right of building to their land. This should eliminate the obstacle that has substantially limited its wider use. The superficiary right of building is not likely to become a legal concept very frequently seen in public registers. The aim of this paper is, therefore, a reflection on divided ownership and the purpose and genesis of the superficiary right of building in relation to its origins, as well as a prediction of future developments of this legal concept in the real estate market. To analyse the concept, the paper employs formal and legal methods (logical, grammatical and historical method). A comparative study is conducted in the spirit of the comparative method. The superficiary right of building is a suitable complement to the range of options of property rights offered by the new Civil Code. The author concludes that the use of the superficiary right of building, although not limited in comparison with the 1912 Act, will likely be less frequent and focused on longer-term projects.
Superficia, deşi existentă în legislaţia moldovenească odată cu adoptarea Codului civil, la 06.06.2002, este o instituţie de drept care nu prea a fost utilizată din cauza ambiguităţilor cuprinse în ...normele ce o reglementa, precum şi în lipsa unei experienţe în domeniu. Prin urmare, odată cu modernizarea Codului civil al Republicii Moldova au fost înlăturate unele neconcordanţe existente în prevederile legale care reglementează superficia, mai cu seamă în ceea ce ţine de construcţia juridică a acesteia, fapt care împiedica aplicarea ei în practică. Prezenta lucrare are ca scop elucidarea unor aspecte ale constituirii superficiei în temeiul actului juridic, care, după părerea noastră, ar putea fi îmbunătăţite pentru a permite extinderea aplicabilităţii practice a acesteia.
Până la adoptarea Legii privind modernizarea Codului civil și modificarea unor acte legislative, nr. 133 din 15.11.2018, prevederile legale referitoare la instituţia superficiei nu erau suficient de ...clare, neputându-se a determina construcţia juridică a dreptului de superficie în ansamblu, ceea ce conducea la dificultatea de a interpreta şi a aplica corect normele legale referitoare la aceasta. Însă, începând cu 1 martie 2019, data intrării în vigoare a legii sus-nominalizate, a fost modificată noţiunea de bun imobil, noţiune care este esenţială pentru instituţia superficiei ori aceasta poate avea ca obiect material doar un bun imobil. De asemenea, au suferit modificări și reglementările referitoare la superficie, adaptându-se noilor reglementări, dar și excluzându-se unele norme ambigue care făceau dificilă aplicarea legii în acest domeniu. A fost exclusă întrebarea care apărea mereu, dacă superficiarul este proprietar al construcţiei ori doar un posesor al acesteia, astfel că legiuitorul a prevăzut ca acesta să fie considerat, pe întregul termen de existenţă al superficiei, ca fiind proprietar al construcţiei, exercitând atributele dreptului de proprietate cu mici îngrădiri.
Orice instituţie de drept, pentru a fi percepută ca atare, precum şi pentru a fi înţeles rolul acesteia în dezvoltarea relaţiilor sociale şi juridice, necesită a fi privită şi studiată prin prisma ...originii şi evoluţiei istorice a acesteia. Pentru a ne forma o atitudine documentată, din punct de vedere ştiinţific, asupra unei instituţii juridice, este imperios a studia istoricul acestei instituţii şi evoluţia ei în timp, ţinând cont de specificul fiecărei perioade de dezvoltare a societăţii umane. Prezenta lucrare are ca scop evidenţierea originii şi a evoluţiei în timp a dreptului real de superficie, drept care, de altfel, a suferit mici modificări la nivel de „construcţie” juridică, care ar permite extinderea aplicabilităţii practice a acestuia. Totodată, normele cuprinse în Codul Civil al Republicii Moldova privind superficia sunt pline de contradicţii, fapt care face imposibilă interpretarea univocă a acestora.
The paper deals with institutions of Roman superficies and modern right of superficies. The right of superficies derives undoubtedly from Roman superficies enabling certain rights in building which ...was built on another people's property The right of superficies also enables construction of the building on another people's property with the difference that it can be established on own ground for own benefit. The Roman superficies originally had a feature of law of obligations and it later acquired features of substantive law. The paper also deals with certain similarities and distinctions between superficies and right of superficies. However, the right of superficies differs from superficies. The research of Roman superficies and its comparison with right of superficies is significant for finding the cause and emergence need of right of superficies as an institution not existing in Roman law. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
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