LINGUISTIC TAXONOMY: DENSITY OF LANGUAGE SUBGROUPS, GROUPS AND FAMILIESSummaryLanguage subgroups, groups, families and unities were investigated from the point of view of their dispersion in the way ...it was first proposed in (Тамбовцев 1986). We consider how compact this or that language taxon (i.e. subgroup, group, family or unity) on the basis of distribution of certain consonantal groups in the speech sound chain. Therefore, one can speak about a compact or disperse language family. If language taxon is compact, then its internal connections are shorter than its outer connections. Actually, the same notion of compact object is accepted in pattern recognition. The more compact the family, the more correctly its languages are chosen. If we put in the family a language, which does not belong to the family, then the dispersion of the family rises, thus it becomes less compact. If the language has a similar sound chain, then the dispersion of the group remains the same or becomes less. It means that the family became more compact. In this case we speak about the typological properties of the families. We measure the dispersion of a family by the sum of dispersions of 8 phonostatistical features: frequency of occurrence of labial, front, palatal, velar, sonorant, occlusive, fricative and voiced consonants. It is important that the features do not intersect.The values of the coefficient of variance (V) and T coefficient show the degree of dispersion. The principle is the greater the dispersion, the less compact the family.We have chosen the coefficient of variance and T coefficient since they both keep to the law of commensurability. Comparing different languages of different language families and different morphological structures was possible since all of them have the same 8 phonetic features mentioned above. We have considered Indo-European, Turkic, Mongolian, Tungus-Manchurian, Samoyedic, Finno-Ugric, Paleo-Asiatic, Austronesian, Australian and American Indian language families. The most compact is Mongolian (V = 10.78%; T = 0.08), the least compact is Austronesian (V = 46.21%; T = 0.90). Tungus-Manchurian (V = 17.41%; T = 0.20) is more compact than Samoyedic (18.29%; T = 0.16), Turkic (18.77%; T - 0.21), Indo-European (V = 28.00%; T = 0.61) or Paleo-Asiatic (V = 33.89%; T = 0.46). Language groups are more compact than language families. Iranian group (V = 13.21%; T = 0.09) of Indo-European language family is the most compact, the least compact is Romanian (V = 26.25%; T= 0.33). Slavonic group (V = 15.21%; T = 0.17) is more compact than Indo-Arien (V = 20.40%; T = 0.23) or Germanic (V = 24.51%; T = 0.29). Volga group of the Finno-Ugric language family (V = 17.90%; T = 0.13) is more compact than Ugric (V = 27.66%; T = 0.47) or Finnic (V = 29.24%; T = 0.35) group. Altaic super-family is rather compact (V - 25.97%; T - 0.45). It is more compact than Indo-European (V = 28.00%; T = 0.61) or Paleo-Asiatic family (V = 33.89%; T = 0.46). This fact supports those linguists who consider Altaic as a family, not a super family. Uralic super family is less compact than that (V = 28.31%; T = 0.47), though it is more compact than Balkan (V = 29.74%; T = 0.36) language unity (Sprachbund). Ural-Altaic language unity (V = 30.98%; T = 0.88) is more (much more) compact than American Indian (43.37% 1.07) language unity. Measuring the typological density of language taxons (subgroups, groups, families, unities) may help to understand how natural (or correct) these taxons are.
U Glasniku Hrvatskog botaničkog društva do sada je objavljeno šest priloga koji dopunjuju nacionalni popis flore Hrvatske i bazu podataka Flora Croatica (FCD) s novoopisanim i novootkrivenim biljnim ...svojtama. Osim toga provode se i nomenklaturne preinake već postojećih svojti. Kako bi se taj niz i dalje nastavio, ovaj prilog je sedmi u nizu te je u bazu FCD dodano jedanaest novih svojti (
Alnus rohlenae
Vít, Douda et Mandák,
Catalpa ovata
G. Don,
Genista sericea
Wulfen subsp.
rigida
(Pamp.) Feoli Chiapella et F. Conti,
Genista sericea
Wulfen subsp.
sericea
,
Iris foetidissima
L.,
Oenothera lindheimeri
(Engelm. et A.Gray) W. L. Wagner et Hoch,
Onobrychis alba
(Waldst. & Kit.) Desv. subsp.
calcarea
(Vandas) P. W. Ball,
Pistia stratiotes
L.,
Rudbeckia triloba
L. i
Salvia hispanica
L.) koje su zabilježene po prvi puta za Hrvatsku kao i jedna novoopisana vrsta za znanost (
Knautia ehrendorferi
Rešetnik, Frajman et Schönsw.). Osim toga, izvršena je jedna nomenklaturna preinaka koja se odnosi na vrstu
Knautia adriatica
Ehrend. koja je uklonjena s popisa jer je sinonimizirana s endemičnom vrstom Knautia dalmatica Beck.
In the Journal of the Croatian Botanical Society six contributions were published that serve as an update of the national flora checklist and the Flora Croatica Database (FCD) with new entries of a newly described plant taxa and new discovered taxa in the flora. Besides that, nomenclatural changes were applied as well on already existing plant taxa. This is the seventh contribution with eleven new plant taxa (
Alnus rohlenae
Vít, Douda et Mandák,
Catalpa ovata
G. Don,
Genista sericea
Wulfen subsp.
rigida
(Pamp.) Feoli Chiapella et F. Conti,
Genista sericea
Wulfen subsp.
sericea
,
Iris foetidissima
L.,
Oenothera lindheimeri
(Engelm. et A.c Gray) W. L. Wagner et Hoch,
Onobrychis alba
(Waldst. & Kit.) Desv. subsp.
calcarea
(Vandas) P. W. Ball,
Pistia stratiotes
L.,
Rudbeckia triloba
L. and
Salvia hispanica
L.) added to the FCD, as their first record in Croatia, and one species is described new to science (
Knautia ehrendorferi
Rešetnik, Frajman et Schönsw.). In addition, one nomenclatural change related to the species
Knautia adriatica
Ehrend. was made, and it is excluded from the checklist of the Croatian flora because it is synonymized with endemic species Knautia dalmatica Beck.
Božićna zvijezda (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch.) jedna je od najprodavanijih cvatućih lončanica čija je potražnja najveća krajem studenog i tijekom prosinca za kad se i planira većina ...proizvodnje. Za uspješnu proizvodnju božićne zvijezde bitno je imati na raspolaganju svjetao i zračan zaštićeni prostor, dobro podešeno centralno grijanje i automatizirano prozračivanje te opremu za regulaciju duljine dana. Zahtjevi božićne zvijezde prema temperaturi, svjetlosti, hranivima, supstratu i ostalim čimbenicima vrlo su visoki tako da je potrebna stroga kontrola proizvodnje. Cilj ovog rada je prikazati taksonomsku pripadnost i porijeklo vrste, način uzgoja te mjere njege i održavanja u primjeni. Rod Euphorbia pripada porodici Euphorbiaceae, a potječe iz Meksika. Najčešće se uzgaja vegetativno iz reznica, premda može i generativno iz sjemena. U uzgoju i primjeni traži svijetlo mjesto, blago kiseo supstrat, redovitu prihranu i umjereno zalijevanje. Najčešće se koristi kao cvatuća lončanica za dekoraciju interijera u vrijeme božićnih blagdana, premda se može koristiti i kao cvjetna vrsta za rez.
The poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. Ex Klotzsch.) is one of the
best-selling flowering potplants whose demand is highest in late November and December, when most production is planned. For the successful production of a Poinsettia, it is essential to have a bright and airy sheltered area, well-tuned central heating and automated ventilation, and day-length regulation equipment. The requirements of the poinsettia for temperature, light, nutrients, substrate and other factors are very high, so strict control of production is required. The aim of this paper is to show the taxonomic affiliation and origin of the
species, the mode of cultivation and the measures of care and maintenance in use. The genus Euphorbia belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae, and is from Mexico. It is most commonly grown vegetatively from cuttings, though it can also be grown generically from
seeds. In cultivation and use, it requires a bright spot, a slightly acidic substrate, regular feeding and moderate watering. It is most commonly used as a flower potplant for interior decoration during the Christmas holidays, although it can also be used as a cut flower.
Do sada su u Glasniku Hrvatskog botaničkog društva objavljena četiri priloga koja popis flore Hrvatske i bazu podataka Flora Croatica (
https://hirc.botanic.hr/fcd/
) dopunjuju s novoopisanim i ...novootkrivenim biljnim svojtama te se provode nomenklaturne preinake već postojećih svojti. Kako bi se taj niz i dalje nastavio, ovaj prilog je peti u nizu te su u bazu podataka Flora Croatica dodane tri nove biljne svojte (
Veronica dalmatica
Padilla-García, Rojas-Andrés, López-González et M.M.Mart.Ort.,
Betula
×
aurata
Borkh. i
Alnus
×
pubescens
Tausch) koje su zabilježene po prvi puta za Hrvatsku. Osim toga, izvršena je jedna nomenklaturna preinka koja se odnosi na vrstu
Veronica orbiculata
A. Kern., a vrsta
Asyneuma pichelrii
(Vis.) Lakušić et Conti je izbačena iz popisa hrvatske flore.
an update of the Flora Croatica Database (
https://hirc.botanic.hr/fcd/
) with new entries of a newly described plant taxa and new discovered taxa in the flora, as well as nomenclatural changes were applied on already existing plant taxa. In order to continue this series, this contribution is the fifth in a series and three new plant taxa (
Veronica dalmatica
Padilla-García, Rojas-Andrés, López-González et M.M.Mart. Ort.,
Betula
×
aurata
Borkh. and
Alnus
×
pubescens
Tausch) have been added to the Flora Croatica Database, which are being recorded for the first time in Croatia. Besides, one nomenclatural change was made that refers to the species
Veronica orbiculata
A. Kern., and the species
Asyneuma pichleri
(Vis.) Lakušić et Conti is excluded from the checklist of the Croatian flora.
Dosad su u Glasniku Hrvatskog botaničkog društva objavljena tri priloga koja popis flore Hrvatske i bazu podataka Flora Croatica (http://hirc.botanic.hr/fcd) dopunjuju s novoopisanim i novootkrivenim ...biljnim svojtama te se provode nomenklaturne preinake već postojećih svojti. Kako bi se taj niz i dalje nastavio, ovaj prilog je četvrti u nizu te je u bazu podataka Flora Croatica dodano sedam novih biljnih svojti (Glaux maritima L., Cystopteris dickieana R. Sim, Teucrium x rohlenae K. Malý, Helianthemum jonium Lacaita & Grosser ex Bég., Ornithogalum sibthorpii Greuter, Carex phyllostachys C. A. Mey. i Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) J.D. Sauer) koje se po prvi puta bilježe za Hrvatsku.
Till now in the Journal of the Croatian Botanical Society three contributions were published that serve as an update of the Flora Croatica Database (http://hirc.botanic.hr/fcd) with new entries of a newly described plant taxa and new discovered taxa in the flora, as well as nomenclatural changes were applied on already existing plant taxa. In order to continue this series, this contribution is the fourth in a series and seven new plant taxa (Glaux maritima L., Cystopteris dickieana R. Sim, Teucrium x rohlenae K. Malý, Helianthemum jonium Lacaita & Grosser ex Bég., Ornithogalum sibthorpii Greuter, Carex phyllostachys C. A. Mey. i Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) J.D. Sauer) have been added to the Flora Croatica Database, which are being recorded for the first time in Croatia.
Task difficulty is an important but complex phenomenon in Applied Linguistics, for which there is relatively little empirical research. This article discusses approaches to defining task difficulty ...and focuses on objective task difficulty derived from ratings of performances and on difficulty derived from an error count in the performances, thus taking errors as indicators of writing task difficulty. Errors are described in terms of the Scope–Substance error taxonomy in writing performances from the Slovene General Matura examination in English. The most frequent errors are located at word and phrase level. Generally, error frequency decreases as writing proficiency increases, but some error types do not conform to this trend. This is the case for punctuation errors, which gain prominence at higher levels of mastery. The results of this study are relevant for assessment, particularly for rating scale development or revision, and for rater training. They are equally relevant for teaching, since knowing sources of difficulty in tasks is a prerequisite for effective pedagogical action. More generally, if applied to performances based on a wider range of tasks, viewing errors as indicators of difficulty can lead to a better understanding of difficulty‐generating task features.
Povzetek
Težavnost nalog je pomemben, a zapleten pojav v uporabnem jezikoslovju, o katerem je razmeroma malo empiričnih raziskav. Prispevek obravnava pristope k opredeljevanju zahtevnosti nalog pri preverjanju pisnega sporočanja. Osredinjen je na njihovo objektivno zahtevnost, ki izhaja iz točkovnih ocen pisnih izdelkov in iz števila napak v izdelkih, kar pomeni, da napake obravnava kot kazalec zahtevnosti nalog. Napake opredeli po taksonomiji obseg‐vsebina in jo uporabi za ocenjevanje pisnih izdelkov na izpitu iz angleščine na slovenski splošni maturi. Najpogostejše napake se pojavljajo na ravni besed in besednih zvez; večinoma se njihova pogostnost zmanjša z naraščanjem pisne zmožnosti, vendar nekatere vrste napak ne sledijo temu trendu. Tak je primer napak v rabi ločil, ki so pogostejše na višjih ravneh znanja. Rezultati študije so pomembni za ocenjevanje, predvsem za razvoj in prenovo ocenjevalnih lestvic, pa tudi za usposabljanje ocenjevalcev. Dognanja so pomembna tudi za poučevanje, saj je razumevanje razlogov za zahtevnost predpogoj za učinkovito pedagoško delo. Širše gledano lahko napake uporabimo kot kazalec zahtevnosti tudi pri drugih vrstah nalog in s tem izboljšamo prepoznavanje in razumevanje tistih lastnosti nalog, ki prispevajo k njihovi zahtevnosti.
Straipsnyje pristatoma revizuota Bloom-o taksonomija ir jos taikymo patirtys išsivysčiusiose pasaulio šalyse. Taip pat gvildenama kognityvinių gebėjimų ugdymo Lietuvoje situacija. Išryškinama Bloom-o ...taksonomijos taikymo visose švietimo sistemos grandyse svarba, siekiant aukštesnių mokinių pasiekimų. Artimiausiu laiku Švietimo ir mokslo ministerijoje suplanuoti Bendrojo ugdymo programų naujinimo darbai. Aiškūs ugdymo taikiniai padėtų kokybiškai pertvarkyti įvairias mokymo programas, todėl matematikų bendruomenė neturėtų likti nuošalyje, kai jie bus svarstomi. Tikimasi, kad straipsnyje išdėstytos mintys padės priimti kokybiškesnius sprendimus.
Poslovna je zajednica uvidjela da su klimatske promjene jedan od najvećih rizika na globalnoj razini. Međutim, kvaliteta upravljanja i izvještavanja o pitanjima povezanima s klimom u poduzećima ...nedovoljna je da investitorima i drugim dionicima omogući informirano donošenje odluka o ulaganjima i cjelovitu procjenu utjecaja poduzeća. Europska unija je slijedom uočenih nedostataka odlučila poduzeti niz zakonskih mjera kako bi bitno unaprijedila kvalitetu izvještaja o održivosti. Ključni su ciljevi ovoga rada pružiti informacije o novim zakonodavnim obavezama europskih poduzeća u pripremi informacija povezanih s klimom te istražiti trenutačno stanje izvještavanja hrvatskih poduzeća o klimi. Istraživanja provedena u EU pokazala su da nefinancijski izvještaji velikih, uvrštenih europskih poduzeća zaostaju u kvaliteti, opsegu i usporedivosti u odnosu na zahtjeve Direktive o nefinancijskom izvještavanju, te su autorice postavile hipotezu da je stanje nefinancijskog izvještavanja u Hrvatskoj isto. Testirale su je tako što su provele istraživanje primjenom metoda anonimne ankete i analitičkog pregleda nefinancijskih izvještaja. Ukupni rezultat istraživanja pokazuje da hrvatska poduzeća obuhvaćena ovim istraživanjem nisu dovoljno upoznata s novim zakonskim obavezama, a uočene su i sljedeće ključne slabosti poduzeća u pristupu upravljanju i izvještavanju o klimi: klimatske promjene nemaju jednaku težinu kao ostali rizici poslovanja, poduzeća ne primjenjuju koncept dvostruke materijalnosti, (još uvijek) ne povezuju kvalitativne i kvantitativne informacije, ne stavljaju ih u kontekst ciljeva Pariškog sporazuma te nisu spremna za izradu različitih scenarija povezanih s klimom. Slijedom najavljenog hodograma uvođenja novih zakonskih obaveza, od kojih neke stupaju na snagu od 1. siječnja 2022. poduzeća će morati daleko brže i efikasnije pristupiti unapređenju upravljačkih procesa i kvalitete izvještavanja o održivosti, s posebnim naglaskom na klimu.
This article analyses the problem of the student essay evaluation, which currently is very topical in Lithu¬ania. The starting point for the article is the analysis of the student essays written ...during the state final examination of the lithuanian (native) language 2008. It reveals the difficulties encountered when evaluating reasoning essays and interpretations of extracts from literary writings, with particular focus on the evaluation of the essay content and structure. The article centres on the question if the SOLlO taxonomy is a suitable instrument for the evaluation of student essays and aims at presenting SOLlO as a possible essay evaluation instrument. The subject of the study is the SOLlO taxonomy in respect of the essay evaluation. The simulation and the analysis of the academic literature and research were chosen as study methods. The article also discusses Bloom’s taxonomy and the New taxonomy as well as presents the interconnection of the SOLlO taxonomy and Bloom’s taxonomy. It also lists the levels of the SOLlO taxonomy along with their corresponding examples from the student essays, which proves the suitability of the SOLlO taxonomy for the evaluation of those essays.
The conclusion stresses the potential of the SOLlO taxonomy for the encouragement of a holistic attitude towards the process of education.
V članku je predstavljena inovativna različica pristopa obrnjenega učenja, ki temelji na intenzivni uporabi geomedijev pri poučevanju geografije in geoinformatike. Študentje ocenjujejo kakovost ...kartiranja na podlagi ISO standarda. Rezultati kažejo, da so posamezniki bistveno boljši v primerjavi s skupinami pri tistih nalogah, ki zahtevajo kritično presojo, poglobljeno razumevanje snovi in kreativno razmišljanje. Skupine so uspešnejše pri ugotavljanju unikatnih razlik, kjer prihaja do izraza sinergijski efekt kot posledica sodelovalnega učenja.
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