The objective of the study was to determine the course and outcomes of pregnancy and childbirth in adolescents compared to women aged 20-24 years in Slovenia.
In the retrospective study, the course ...of pregnancy and labour and the perinatal outcome of newborns in primiparous adolescents aged ≤19 years (study group) have been compared to the control group of primiparous women aged 20-24 years. The study group was further divided into a study subgroup of adolescents aged ≤17 years. Data were retrieved from the National Perinatal Information System in Slovenia for the period 2008-2012. Altogether, 13,663 women and their newborns were included.
Adolescent pregnancy was associated with increased rates of unknown estimated date of delivery, preterm labour, low birth weight newborns, small for gestational age newborns and low gestational weight gain. Spontaneous labour was more common in adolescents, while emergency and elective Caesarean sections were less common than in women aged 20-24 years. In addition, pregnancy in adolescents aged ≤17 years was associated with increased rate of maternal anaemia and labour without complications. Higher rates of smoking, lower rates of parenting school attendance, lower rates of pregnancy check-ups and screening tests in pregnancy such as nuchal translucency in adolescents were found.
The results of the study show that adolescent pregnancy is related to higher health risks for pregnant adolescents and their newborns. In addition, adolescents are subject to poorer prenatal care comparing to older women.
The effect of body condition score and body weight of Sanjabi ewes on immune system, productive and reproductive performance Total 80 Sanjabi ewes (2-5 years old and 50-85 weight domain) were ...selected in animal unit of Mehregan farm. The ewes were divided to 4 treatment groups according to body condition score of (2, 2.5, 3, 3.5 ≤). Blood samples were collected from non-pregnant ewes, then after mating, two weeks before expected lambing and at lambing day. Blood samples of newborn lambs were also taken from the jugular vein at birth and 7 days of age. The reproductive parameters such as number of lambs born per lambing, kg of lambs born per ewes mating, pregnancy period and lamb birth weight were determined. Some blood metabolites such as glucose, total protein, albumin and globulin were determined. The white blood cell and differential leukocyte counts were also measured. The result of this experiment indicated that BCS = 3 had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on the kg lambs born per ewes. Ewes with BCS = 3 had a better performance in the percentage of lambs born per ewes at mating, while the lambing rate reduced in ewes with BCS of 3.5 or more. Birth weight of lambs was significantly affected by BCS of their ewes (P < 0.05). There was a significant effect of BCS on plasma FSH concentration in ewes with BCS more than 3 but no significant difference was seen in blood metabolite in this study. Colostrum productions and the lamb birth weights were affected by body condition score of ewes. The white blood cell counts, neutrophils and lymphocytes counts did not change between ewes and lambs. It is concluded that BCS had a significant effect on kg lambs born per ewes, birth weight of lambs, lambs weaning weight and colostrum productions (P < 0.05) and the score of 3 at mating time could optimize profitability of Sanjabi ewes.
Vpliv ocene kondicije in telesne mase na imunski sistem ter proizvodne in reprodukcijske lastnosti ovac pasme sanjabi V poskus je bilo vključenih 80 sanjabi ovac s farme Mehregan v starosti 2-5 let. Ovce smo razdelili v štiri skupine glede na oceno telesne kondicije (BCS 2, 2,5, 3, 3,5 ≤). Vzorce krvi smo jemali od nebrejih ovac, takoj po paritvi, dva tedna pred pričakovano jagnitvijo in na dan jagnitve. Jancem smo jemali kri iz jugularne vene ob rojstvu in ko so bili stari 7 dni. Spremljali smo reprodukcijske parametre, kot so število jagnet na jagnitev, kg rojenih jagnet na paritev, dolžina brejosti in masa jagnet ob rojstvu. Določali smo nekatere parametre v krvi, kot npr. glukoza, skupne beljakovine, albumin in globulin. Prav tako smo spremljali število belih krvničk in diferencialno število levkocitov. Rezultati tega poskusa kažejo, da je ocena telesne kondicije (BCS = 3) značilno vplivala na k rojenih jagnet na ovco. Ovce z BCS = 3 so imele višji odstotek jagnet rojenih na paritev, medtem ko je bil delež jagnitev zmanjšan pri ovcah z BCS 3,5 ali več. BCS je statistično značilno vplival na maso jagnet ob rojstvu (p < 0,05). Prav tako je bil značilen vpliv BCS na koncentracijo FSH v plazmi pri ovcah z BCS višjim od 3, nismo ap zaznali razlik v koncentraciji metabolitov v krvi. BCS je vplival na proizvodnjo kolostruma in na maso jagnet ob rojstvu. Število belih krvničk, nevtrofilcev in limfocitov se med ovcami in jagneti ni razlikovalo. Ugotavljamo, da ima BCS značilen vpliv na kg rojenih jagnet na ovco, rojstno maso jagnet, maso jagnet ob odstavitvi in proizvodnjo kolostruma (p < 0,05). BCS 3 v času pripusta je optimalen za gospodarnost reje ovac pasme sanjabi.
Introduction. The pandemic of obesity in adolescents is one of the challenges of public health.
Aim. The aim of this study was to examine the association of overweight with demographic, socioeconomic ...and lifestyle factors among Serbian adolescents.
Method. A cross-sectional study of 2139 adolescents aged 10 to 19 years was carried out. Data used in this study were from the 2006 Health Survey. In accordance with the international sex- and age-specific Body Mass Index cut-off points, all participants were classified as being normal weight or overweight, including obese. The association between the risk factors and overweight were examined using a multivariate logistic regression model.
Results. The study showed that 28.9% of boys and 17.0% of girls were overweight, while 14.5% of boys and 8.1% of girls were obese. Boys were more likely to be overweight/obese, compared with girls. Being younger (p< 0.01 for 14 to 15 years) and (p< 0.01, for 16 to 19 years), engaging in physical activities that last less than 7 hours a week, in such a manner that they breathe quickly and become sweaty, (p< 0.01) and skipping breakfast (p< 0.05) were risk factors significantly associated with overweight among adolescents. No significant association was found with wealth index.
Conclusion. These findings should be an integral part of further preventive interventions, especially oriented towards younger adolescents, who are physically inactive, have a habit of skipping breakfast and are boys.
Namen. Pandemija debelosti pri mladostnikih predstavlja enega večjih izzivov za javno zdravje.
Cilj. Cilj te raziskave je bil preveriti povezanost prekomerne telesne teže med srbskimi mladostniki z demografskimi in s socialno-ekonomskimi dejavniki ter z dejavniki, ki so povezani z načinom življenja.
Metoda. Narejena je bila presečna študija z 2.139 mladostniki, ki so bili stari od 10 do 19 let. Za podatke v tej študiji so bile uporabljene vrednosti iz Health Survey 2006. Glede na mednarodno sprejete vrednosti indeksa telesne mase, povezane z odgovarjajočim spolom in starostjo, so bili vsi udeleženci uvrščeni v skupine z normalno težo, s prekomerno telesno težo in z debelostjo. Za ugotavljanje povezave med dejavniki tveganja in prekomerno telesno težo je bila uporabljena statistična metoda multivariantne logistične regresije.
Rezultati. Raziskava je pokazala, da je imelo 28,9% fantov in 17,0% deklet zvišano telesno težo, in sicer je bilo 14,5% fantov in 8,1% deklet debelih. V primerjavi z dekleti so bili fantje debelejši ali so imeli zvišano telesno težo. Za naslednje dejavnike tveganja smo ugotovili statistično pomembno povezavo s prekomerno telesno težo med mladostniki (starost 14-15 let (p<0,01) in 16-19 let (p<0,01)), ukvarjanje s telovadbo, ki povzroča hitro dihanje in potenje manj kot 7 ur dnevno(p< 0,01), ter vsakodnevno izogibanje zajtrku (p< 0,05). Na drugi strani ni statistično pomembne povezave med zvišano telesno težo/debelostjo in indeksom družinskega bogastva.
Zaključek. Ugotovitve naše študije bi lahko imele vpliv na preventivne ukrepe, ki bi bili posebej usmerjeni v mladostnike moškega spola, ki ne zajtrkujejo in se ne ukvarjajo z redno telesno aktivnostjo.
Uvod. Med nosečnostjo kadi 15 % do 25 % žensk. Znanstveni dokazi kažejo, da izpostavljenost kajenju povzroča nižjo porodno težo. Cilj te študije je oceniti povezavo med kajenjem med nosečnostjo, ...socialnodemografskimi značilnostmi matere in nizko porodno težo. Metode. Podatki so bili pridobljeni iz 1572 vprašalnikov, ki so jih izpolnile vse ženske, ki so v obdobju od leta 2008 do leta 2010 rodile v učni bolnišnici za ginekologijo »S. Anna« v Torinu (Italija). Za oceno povezave med socialno-demografskimi značilnostmi in porodno težo je bila uporabljena multipla logistična analiza; sledil je postopni pristop z »vzvratnim izločanjem« in ocena ustreznosti modela s pomočjo Hosmer- Lemeshowega testa. Rezultati. Univariatna analiza je razkrila, da kajenje cigaret (17 %), nižja stopnja izobrazbe (13 %) in ženski spol dojenčka (13 %) predstavljajo dejavnik tveganja, saj povečujejo tveganje, da bo imel otrok nizko porodno težo. Analiza z logistično regresijo je pokazala, da sta gestacijska starost in kajenje matere statistično povezani spremenljivki. Zaključki. Rezultati potrjujejo, da se porodna teža povečuje sorazmerno z gestacijsko starostjo ter da kajenje matere in spol otroka (ženski) povečujeta tveganje za nižjo porodno težo ob rojstvu. Logistična regresija dokazuje, da povezava med kajenjem matere in nizko porodno težo pomeni povečano tveganje za celotno populacijo (RO = 2,85), tako za novorojenčke moškega (RO = 3,45) kot tudi ženskega spola (RO = 2,44)
Introduction. 15 to 25% of women smoke during pregnancy. Scientific evidence suggests that exposure to smoking causes decreased birth weight. The aim of this study was to assess the correlation ...between smoking during pregnancy, maternal sociodemographic characteristics, and low birth weight. Methods. Data were derived from 1572 questionnaires administered to each woman that gave birth at the Gynecology Teaching Hospital “S. Anna” in Turin (Italy) during the period from 2008 to 2010. Multiple logistic analysis was used to evaluate the association between socio-demographic characteristics and birth weight; the stepwise approach with a “backward elimination” procedure was followed, and the goodness of fit of the model was estimated using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. Results. The univariate analysis revealed that smoking cigarettes (17%), having a lower educational level (13%), and female sex of the infant (13%) seem to be risk factors, as they increase the risk of having a low birth weight child. Logistic regression analysis showed that gestational age and maternal smoking are the statistically associated variables. Conclusions. The results confirmed that birth weight increases proportionally with the length of the gestational age and that maternal smoking and the child’s sex (female) increase the risk of having a lower birth weight. Logistic regression demonstrated that the association between maternal smoking and low birth weight shows an increased risk for the whole population (OR=2.85), for male (OR=3.45) and for female newborns (OR=2.44)
Uvod. Med nosečnostjo kadi 15 % do 25 % žensk. Znanstveni dokazi kažejo, da izpostavljenost kajenju povzroča nižjo porodno težo. Cilj te študije je oceniti povezavo med kajenjem med nosečnostjo, socialnodemografskimi značilnostmi matere in nizko porodno težo. Metode. Podatki so bili pridobljeni iz 1572 vprašalnikov, ki so jih izpolnile vse ženske, ki so v obdobju od leta 2008 do leta 2010 rodile v učni bolnišnici za ginekologijo »S. Anna« v Torinu (Italija). Za oceno povezave med socialno-demografskimi značilnostmi in porodno težo je bila uporabljena multipla logistična analiza; sledil je postopni pristop z »vzvratnim izločanjem« in ocena ustreznosti modela s pomočjo Hosmer- Lemeshowega testa. Rezultati. Univariatna analiza je razkrila, da kajenje cigaret (17 %), nižja stopnja izobrazbe (13 %) in ženski spol dojenčka (13 %) predstavljajo dejavnik tveganja, saj povečujejo tveganje, da bo imel otrok nizko porodno težo. Analiza z logistično regresijo je pokazala, da sta gestacijska starost in kajenje matere statistično povezani spremenljivki. Zaključki. Rezultati potrjujejo, da se porodna teža povečuje sorazmerno z gestacijsko starostjo ter da kajenje matere in spol otroka (ženski) povečujeta tveganje za nižjo porodno težo ob rojstvu. Logistična regresija dokazuje, da povezava med kajenjem matere in nizko porodno težo pomeni povečano tveganje za celotno populacijo (RO = 2,85), tako za novorojenčke moškega (RO = 3,45) kot tudi ženskega spola (RO = 2,44)
Eighteen L. inconspicuous accessions collected from different countries were evaluated for variations of seed weight, seed protein content, and electrophoretic patterns of the total seed proteins ...analyzed under reducing conditions. They exhibited a reasonable genetic variability for the evaluated traits. This genetic variability revealed that improvement through simple selection for these traits is possible. The variation between the seed size of this accessions was attributed to the development process or the life cycle of the plant, and the environmental condition to which the mother plant is exposed. On the other hand, the variation in protein content among the different accessions may be due to genotype and/or seasonal influences. The relationship between protein content and 100 seeds weight in the evaluated accessions was reversible, the accession showed the lowest quantity of the total seed proteins was the accession that exhibited highest weight of 100 seeds and nearly vice versa. Each accession gave a different electrophoretic pattern except the two accessions collected from Iran, exhibited an identical one. The difference in 100 seed weight and total protein content of these accessions indicated that they are not genetically identical. The variation in the electrophoregram of the evaluated accessions located in the bands with molecular weight more than 98 kDa, the heavy subunits of alpha-lathyrin subunits and the region molecular weight around 70 kDa. The results of cluster analysis based of SDS/PAGE under reduction conditions indicated that genetic diversity between Turkish, Syrian, and Iranian and Australian accessions is pronounced, and Turkish accessions are closer to both Syrian and Iranian accessions than the relation between Syrian and Iranian. This suggested that crosses between the Iranian and Syrian accessions could create more genetic variability than crosses with Turkish accessions. The distribution of Turkish and Syrian accessions between more than one clusters revealed that genetic diversity and geographic distribution were independent of each other. PCA showed that all accessions were separated on the first principal component, indicating that the accessions showed a good association, due, probably, to parallel evolution.
The research was undertaken to determine if the plug tray cell size had an impact on plant characteristics and yield of corn salad (Valerianella olitoria L.). Seeds of four cultivars (‘Ljubljanski’, ...‘Holandski’, ‘Flavor’ and ‘Masse’) were sown in styrofoam plug trays with 40 cells (60 ml cell-1), 84 cells (35 ml cell-1) and 160 cells (20 ml cell-1). Plants growth generally increased with cell size, though the effect varied with different cultivars. An increase in cell volume resulted in an increase in leaves height, leaves number and leaves fresh mass, as well as percentage of dry matter. Cv. ‘Holandski’ was obtained the highest leaves fresh mass regardless of cell volume.
Raziskava je bila izvedena z namenom ugotoviti, ali velikost celice gojitvene plošče lahko vpliva na lastnosti in pridelek motovilca (Valerianella olitoria L.). Seme štirih kultivarjev (‘Ljubljanski’, ‘Holandski’, ‘Flavor’ in ‘Masse’) je bilo posejano v stiroporne gojitvene plošče s 40 celicami (60 ml/ celico), 84 celicami (35 ml/celico) in 160 celicami (20 ml/celico). Na splošno je bila rast rastlin intenzivnejša z večanjem prostornine celice, medtem ko so se kultivarji različno odzivali na velikost celic. Večji volumen celice se je izrazil v večjih listih, večjem številu listov, večjem pridelku listne mase, prav tako pa tudi v večjem deležu suhe snovi. Cv. ‘Holandski’ je dal največji pridelek zelene listne mase ne glede na prostornino celic.
Fizičari, filozofi i edukacijski stručnjaci još uvijek nisu suglasni o značenju i definiciji naziva težina. Većina fizičara prihvaća teorijsku (konceptualnu) definiciju prema kojoj je težina umnožak ...mase i lokalnog ubrzanja slobodnoga pada, u skladu s definicijom težine u međunarodnoj normi ISO 800004. Ta definicija vodi računa o položaju motritelja i uzima u obzir inercijske sile u ubrzanim sustavima. Na površini Zemlje lokalno je ubrzanje vektorski zbroj gravitacijskog i centrifugalnog ubrzanja. Ista definicija objašnjava i pojam bestežinskoga stanja tijela koje slobodno pada ili se giba u orbiti. Neki autori zagovaraju operacijsku definiciju težine koja vodi računa isključivo o rezultatu mjerenja sile opružnom vagom. U članku se analizira pristup težini u nastavi fizike i naglašava se potreba da se operacijska definicija težine zamijeni međunarodno dogovorenom definicijom.
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