Currently, there is a debate in the European Union regarding the European Commission’s approach in assessing the behaviour of dominant firms. It is argued that as digital ecosystems become more ...powerful, there is increasing pressure on the Commission to act against their practices, regardless of whether they meet the test established by the European Courts to find out liability. This article aims to demonstrate that the Commission’s approach, which occasionally deviates from liability tests, is legitimate, because it aligns with the effects-based notion of abuse and the teleological interpretation of treaty rules. Moreover, this article maintains that if such liability tests were unalterable, their individual components would be elevated to essential elements of the concept of abuse, which directly contradicts the current interpretation of this notion. Finally, the article asserts that the liability tests used thus far represent a collection of factual circumstances that hold substantial evidential value in demonstrating the effects of dominant firms’ practices. It however acknowledges that, while this evidential value has remained high over time, it may still vary depending on the circumstances. This is why the particular circumstances that make up the elements of these tests can be substituted with alternative circumstances, depending on the specific scenario being analysed.
This paper analyses the role played by the notion of legal interest as a criterion for decisions on criminalisation and, according to some scholars, as an element of criminal offence. First, the ...analysis tallies the impact of legal interest on criminal policy, focusing on the correlation between this concept’s definition and underlying political theories. Subsequently, the article explores difficulties of using legal interest as an interpretative canon to determine whether the offender’s deed can be deemed materially unlawful.
Frente a la imparable expansión del derecho penal que se ha producido a partir de los años 90 del siglo pasado, no es suficiente la critica, aunque sea imprescindible. Es necesario plantear ...estrategias que posibiliten frenar la intervención del derecho penal. En esta dirección, es esencial aplicar los principios limitadores del derecho penal, en particular los de ultima ratio, subsidiariedad y proporcionalidad (necesidad, idoneidad y proporcionalidad en sentido estricto). Así mismo, es esencial concebir la pena con una finalidad preventiva y no retributiva, para evitar el populismo y la venganza. Considero indispensable el respeto de la responsabilidad por el hecho, excluyendo la responsabilidad por el carácter, y la responsabilidad objetiva. Por último, es imprescindible la interpretación teleológica de los tipos penales a partir de la función de exclusiva protección de bienes jurídico-penales.
Abstract
International investment tribunals are frequently required to interpret and apply rules of Customary International Law (
CIL
) in investor-State disputes. This article examines how ...investor-State tribunals, in particular those constituted on the basis of the Energy Charter Treaty (
ECT
), have interpreted the
CIL
‘full reparation’ standard regarding damages and reparation. By reference to
ECT
jurisprudence it is established that tribunals often utilize teleological interpretive tools to give content to this norm. Furthermore, some critical comments are made concerning the manner in which
ECT
tribunals subsequently apply the ‘full reparation’ standard. It is argued that the combination of the commonly adopted approaches to interpretation and application may explain why investors are occasionally capable of obtaining significant amounts of compensation in these public law disputes.
This paper explores the concept of legal translation as a Third Space through the lens of the ‘multilingual’ Court of Justice of the European Union (ECJ). In many ways legal translation at that Court ...fits readily with the characterisation of translation as a Third Space. Due to complex internal production processes the ECJ produces texts which are undoubtedly hybrid in nature, and which exhibit distinctive features on a lexical and textual level marking them out as a product of cross-fertilisation of influences from source and target languages and legal cultures. Even the teleological approach taken towards legal reasoning at the ECJ occupies a space outside the strict confines of the texts involved. Both the processes and the product of the ECJ’s language system appear to bear all the hallmarks of translation as a Third Space. However, translation at the ECJ also challenges the concept of a Third Space. The prevailing definitions of translation as a Third Space fail to effectively conceptualise additional nuances of the specific nature of drafting and the complex nature of translation at the ECJ. This paper uses original empirical data to demonstrate that translation at the ECJ places constraints on the undefined, vague and fluid nature of the Third Space, warping the forces at work within that space. In this regard, rather than an amorphous space, the Third Space is better thought of as a determinate area which is delimited by elements of translation process which constrain it. This adapted framing of the Third Space can consequently be used to better understand and illustrate the dynamics at play in other areas of legal translation where the current concept of the Third Space is equally inadequate for encompassing the specific nature of translation practices which impact on that space-in-between.
Kur’ân’ın nüzûl dönemi muhataplarından yapmış olduğu iktibâslardan biri, Furkân sûresinin 30. âyetinde Hz. Muhammed’in sözü olarak nakledilmektedir. Bu âyetin tamamında konuşanın Hz. Peygamber olduğu ...ve kavminin Kur’ân’a karşı ilgisiz olmasını Allah’a şikâyet ettiği görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada söz konusu âyette geçen ve anahtar kelime konumunda olan mehcûr kelimesinin anlam alanı, semantik yapısı, âyete nüzûl dönemi ve sonrasında yüklenilen manaların izi sürülmektedir. Keza rivâyet ve dirâyet tefsirleri kronolojik olarak incelenerek, müfessirlerin ilgili âyete ilişkin yaptıkları yorumlar ve değerlendirmeler ele alınarak tarihsel süreçte bu âyete dair semantik kırılma noktaları, değişim ve dönüşümler gösterilmeye çalışılmaktadır. Son olarak tefsir tarihinde söz konusu âyeti makâsıdî tefsir ve gâî ilke açısından yorumlayan müfessirlerin yaklaşımları saptanmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda serdedilen yaklaşımlar önce deskriptif bir üslupla aktarılmakta, akabinde bunlar analitik bir bakış açısıyla irdelenmektedir. Bu çalışmada ulaştığımız bulgular ve sonuçlar şöyledir: Katâde b. Di‘âme, Zemahşerî, İbn Atiyye, Fahreddin er-Râzî ve Ebû Zeyd es-Se‘âlibî olmak üzere müfessirlerin büyük çoğunluğunun da belirttiği gibi bu âyet hem lafız hem de mana bakımından Hz. Peygamber’e ait bir sözdür. Bu sözün ona aidiyeti bağlamında bir ihtilafın olduğu saptanmamıştır. Furkân sûresinde nakledilen bu söze göre Kureyşli müşrikler, Hz. Muhammed’e ve getirdiği ilâhî direktiflere yersiz itirazlarda bulunmuşlardır. Kur’ân’a olan bu tutumları karşısında gönlü daralan Hz. Peygamber de onları Allah’a şikâyet etmiştir. Bi‘setin onuncu senesinde Mekke’de dile getirilen Kur’ân’a hakaret etme, onu terk etme, içindeki izlekleri yalanlama durumunun, nüzûl dönemi sonrası inananları da kapsadığı söylenebilir. Buna göre Kur’ân ahkâmının gereğini yerine getirmeme, ilahiyat konularında Kur’ân’ın hakem olmasını kabul etmeme ve âyetleri üzerinde düşünmeme olgusunun, sonraki dönem muhataplar için de geçerli olduğu düşünülebilir. Bu bağlamda tefsir tarihinde ilgili âyeti gâî ilke açısından yorumlayan müfessirlerin farklı yaklaşımlar serdettikleri saptanmıştır. Zemahşerî, Râzî, Ebû’l-Berekât en-Nesefî, Bikâ‘î, Kemâlpaşazâde, Şeyhzâde ve Muhammed Tâhir İbn Âşûr’un Hz. Peygamber’in bu şikâyetini azapla ilişkilendirerek yorumladıkları görülmüştür. Dolayısıyla onlara göre bahis konusu âyet ile Kureyşliler örnekliğinde tüm muhataplar için tehdit hedeflenmiştir. Diğer taraftan İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye, Ebû’l-Fidâ İbn Kesîr, İsmâil Hakkı Bursevî ve Seyyid Kutub’un ise ilgili âyeti Kur’ân’ı terk etmenin yolları açısından tahlil ederek âyeti hem nüzûl hem de nüzûl sonrası muhatapları kapsayacak tarzda makâsıdî tefsir açısından yorumlamaya çalıştıkları tespit edilmiştir. Özetle denilebilir ki Kur’ân’ı anlama ve yorumlamaya çalışmamak veya onu sosyal hayattan, hukuktan, kazanma ve harcama anlayışlarından uzaklaştırmak, bu tür konularda ona başvurmamak ya da Kur’ân’a göre bir hayat yaşamaktan vazgeçmek, Müslümanlar açısından onu terk etmenin yollarından bazıları olmaktadır.
This article explores the tendency of investment tribunals to resort to teleological interpretation and to the protection and promotion of foreign investments as a standard goal of investment ...treaties. It further explores how this tendency relates to the rule of interpretation envisaged in Articles 31–33 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties considering that the convention rule requires that text, context, and purpose are to be equally assessed when searching for the meaning of a treaty provision. The article’s particular focus is on whether investment tribunals have begun to create specific rules for interpreting investment treaties that favor one of the elements of interpretation over the others, namely, the purpose of the treaty. This method of teleological interpretation is set against the general background of investment arbitration, the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, and cases where investment tribunals’ reliance on the preamble of the applicable treaty was decisive for the final outcome of the case. These cases, which revolved around the goal to protect and promote foreign investments and teleological interpretation, lend support to the proposition that there has been a departure from the general rule. However, they equally show the unreliability of telos in a treaty: purposes may be different, even conflicting, and their clear meaning can easily escape interpreters. Despite a growing number of cases where the purpose of a treaty comes to the forefront of legal reasoning, the functional correlation between the purpose of a treaty and the legitimacy of a claim still remains unclear.
The annotated order is emblematic of the matured leading role of criminal judge to make legal rule through the teleological interpretative technique. The Court examines three aspects of the affair to ...preventive seizure of tourist moorings of Otranto: binding nature of administrative decision which has become final; configurability of building crime of omission; disapplication of article 1, subparagraph 246, L. 145/2018 in contrast to articles 12 Directive 2006/123/EC and 49 TFEU. The Court's solutions don't appear to comply with the basic principles of criminal exegesis.
En atención a la dogmática comparada, especialmente presente en Alemania, y con ocasión del estado de necesidad previsto en el artículo 10 N° 11 del Código Penal chileno, la investigación se hace ...cargo de la problemática del efecto justificante o exculpante de la eximente y propone una tolerancia de la imprecisión en torno a los efectos del estado de necesidad el modelo jurídico penal chileno. En lo fundamental se considera admisible un grado de indeterminación en torno a estos, aun en un campo de divergencia dogmática, en la medida en que se adopte una interpretación que explique las razones filosóficas y jurídicas de esta imprecisión.
This article argues that the general approach to documentary interpretation articulated in Natal Joint Municipal Pension Fund v Endumeni Municipality 2012 4 SA 593 (SCA) (Endumeni) applies also to ...the interpretation of wills, subject to adaptation for context. It is argued that interpretation of wills and the application of an interpretation to a particular factual setting are coequal tasks. Each case must be decided on its own facts. The cardinal rule is the ascertainment of a testator's intention and giving effect thereto, provided that this will not bring about a violation of the law. It is argued that a court must put itself in the armchair of the testator and, after determining where the probabilities lie, it must infer or presume what the testator had in mind at the time that the will was created. Although intention is subjective, the interpretive process to determine a testator's intention is objective in form. It is argued that a court must, in every instance, understand the purpose for which it seeks to determine a testator's intention. This is so that it can undertake the correct enquiry. If the aim is to determine the meaning of a testamentary provision, then a testator's intention must be ascertained as memorialised in the written text of the will read as a whole, taking into account also the purpose of the text and its context. If, on the other hand, the aim is to determine whether a document is a testator's intended last will and testament, as is the case when section 2(3) of the Wills Act 7 of 1953 is invoked, then a testator's intention must be ascertained with reference to the document's purpose, taking also into account all legally relevant and admissible internal and external contextual factors. It is argued that all this is, as confirmed in Endumeni, consistent with the modern trend favouring an objective, purposive, contextual cum teleological mode of documentary interpretation.
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