Wissen im Dialog Sehmer, Julian; Marks, Svenja; Thole, Werner
Sozial extra,
01/2019, Volume:
43, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Die Autor_innen gehen der Frage nach, was in der Sozialen Arbeit unter dem Theorie-Praxis-Problem verstanden wird und wie dieses bearbeitet werden kann. Auf der Basis der Erkenntnisse der ...Verwendungsforschung wird in den Blick genommen, wie es gelingen kann, Wissen zwischen Wissenschafts- und Handlungspraxis zu kommunizieren und dieses jeweils zu transformieren. Ausgehend von den dargelegten Überlegungen wird für eine Konzeption des Austauschs als dialogischer Transformation von Wissen plädiert, in der auch die Handlungspraxis als Ort der Generierung gleichrangigen Wissens anerkannt wird.
Summary
We have discovered a novel bacterium, Ochrobactrum haywardense H1 (Oh H1), which is capable of efficient plant transformation. Ochrobactrum is a new host for Agrobacterium‐derived vir and ...T‐DNA‐mediated transformation. Oh H1 is a unique, non‐phytopathogenic species, categorized as a BSL‐1 organism. We engineered Oh H1 with repurposed Agrobacterium virulence machinery and demonstrated Oh H1 can transform numerous dicot species and at least one monocot, sorghum. We generated a cysteine auxotrophic Oh H1‐8 strain containing a binary vector system. Oh H1‐8 produced transgenic soybean plants with an efficiency 1.6 times that of Agrobacterium strain AGL1 and 2.9 times that of LBA4404Thy‐. Oh H1‐8 successfully transformed several elite Corteva soybean varieties with T0 transformation frequency up to 35%. In addition to higher transformation efficiencies, Oh H1‐8 generated high‐quality, transgenic events with single‐copy, plasmid backbone‐free insertion at frequencies higher than AGL1. The SpcN selectable marker gene is excised using a heat shock‐inducible excision system resulting in marker‐free transgenic events. Approximately, 24.5% of the regenerated plants contained only a single copy of the transgene and contained no vector backbone. There were no statistically significant differences in yield comparing T3 null‐segregant lines to wild‐type controls. We have demonstrated that Oh H1‐8, combined with spectinomycin selection, is an efficient, rapid, marker‐free and yield‐neutral transformation system for elite soybean.
This article analizes the scultoric work by the artist Salvador Soria, which began in the early 60s. After a pictorial trajectory in the abstract expressionism, Soria deals with the scultoric space ...with his “Machines for the spirit. They are certainly “machines” that belong to the geometric art, but with a kinetic touch, since they are capable of making the spectator introduce all kind of changes in their external physiognomy, thanks to their turning possibilities. The author obtains wide achievents with these productions: to connect with the technological world that surrounds us and make the spectator enter into a ludic, active atmosphere, which he can create from the multiple possibilities of transformation that the piece of art offers.
Almost 40 years ago the first transgenic plant was generated through Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation, which, until now, remains the method of choice for gene delivery into plants. ...Ever since, optimized Agrobacterium strains have been developed with additional (genetic) modifications that were mostly aimed at enhancing the transformation efficiency, although an optimized strain also exists that reduces unwanted plasmid recombination. As a result, a collection of very useful strains has been created to transform a wide variety of plant species, but has also led to a confusing Agrobacterium strain nomenclature. The latter is often misleading for choosing the best-suited strain for one's transformation purposes. To overcome this issue, we provide a complete overview of the strain classification. We also indicate different strain modifications and their purposes, as well as the obtained results with regard to the transformation process sensu largo. Furthermore, we propose additional improvements of the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation process and consider several worthwhile modifications, for instance, by circumventing a defense response in planta. In this regard, we will discuss pattern-triggered immunity, pathogen-associated molecular pattern detection, hormone homeostasis and signaling, and reactive oxygen species in relationship to Agrobacterium transformation. We will also explore alterations that increase agrobacterial transformation efficiency, reduce plasmid recombination, and improve biocontainment. Finally, we recommend the use of a modular system to best utilize the available knowledge for successful plant transformation.
Summary
Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, the fifth most important cereal worldwide, is a multi‐use crop for feed, food, forage and fuel. To enhance the sorghum and other important crop plants, ...establishing gene function is essential for their improvement. For sorghum, identifying genes associated with its notable abiotic stress tolerances requires a detailed molecular understanding of the genes associated with those traits. The limits of this knowledge became evident from our earlier in‐depth sorghum transcriptome study showing that over 40% of its transcriptome had not been annotated. Here, we describe a full spectrum of tools to engineer, edit, annotate and characterize sorghum’s genes. Efforts to develop those tools began with a morphogene‐assisted transformation (MAT) method that led to accelerated transformation times, nearly half the time required with classical callus‐based, non‐MAT approaches. These efforts also led to expanded numbers of amenable genotypes, including several not previously transformed or historically recalcitrant. Another transformation advance, termed altruistic, involved introducing a gene of interest in a separate Agrobacterium strain from the one with morphogenes, leading to plants with the gene of interest but without morphogenes. The MAT approach was also successfully used to edit a target exemplary gene, phytoene desaturase. To identify single‐copy transformed plants, we adapted a high‐throughput technique and also developed a novel method to determine transgene independent integration. These efforts led to an efficient method to determine gene function, expediting research in numerous genotypes of this widely grown, multi‐use crop.
Abstract / Das Wichtigste in KürzeDer Artikel greift die allgegenwärtigen Debatten zur „digitalen Transformation“ auf und möchte diese gesellschaftspolitisch einordnen. Ausgehend von den ...Veränderungen in Öffentlichkeit und Politik, Lebens- und Arbeitswelt sollen nicht nur bildungs- und sozialpolitische Herausforderungen markiert, sondern auch Fragen nach dem Wert Sozialer Arbeit in einer digitalen Gesellschaft diskutiert werden.
Focalisé sur le cas de la Belgique, cet article analyse la manière dont l’espace militant du soutien aux migrant·e·s est structuré autour d’une dyade séparant le « politique » de « l’humanitaire ». ...Cette opposition serait légitimée par les divergences entre les répertoires d’actions, selon qu’ils visent à la transformation radicale de la politique migratoire ou qu’ils soient centrés sur l’aide à la personne. L’article nous apprend que ces catégories sont en réalité poreuses et dépendent bien souvent du contexte dans lequel les réflexes militants s’imposent.
Digital transformation, a term introduced to talk about the various changes in business and society due to the increased usage of digital technologies, has recently gained much attention both in ...research and in practice. However, an analysis of 41 digital transformation frameworks following a developmental literature review shows that several areas can be expanded upon. We propose a novel framework that deals with the underrepresented areas by consolidating the various concepts found in the literature, explicitly including the role of society, highlighting the evolution over time, and including the drivers of digital transformation that we classified into 23 ‘digital transformation interactions’ across six categories. This novel perspective contributes to our macro-understanding of digital transformation and can be used as a lens for further research to generate fresh insights into unanswered research avenues. Ultimately, this paper can be the first step towards a unified understanding of digital transformation.
Hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) is a well-known human carcinogen associated with the incidence of lung cancer. Inhibition of metal induced carcinogenesis by a dietary antioxidant is a novel approach. ...Luteolin, a natural dietary flavonoid found in fruits and vegetables, possesses potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. We found that short term exposure of human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) to Cr(VI) (5μM) showed a drastic increase in ROS generation, NADPH oxidase (NOX) activation, lipid peroxidation, and glutathione depletion, which were significantly inhibited by the treatment with luteolin in a dose dependent manner. Treatment with luteolin decreased AP-1, HIF-1α, COX-2, and iNOS promoter activity induced by Cr(VI) in BEAS-2B cells. In addition, luteolin protected BEAS-2B cells from malignant transformation induced by chronic Cr(VI) exposure. Moreover, luteolin also inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) and VEGF in chronic Cr(VI) exposed BEAS-2B cells. Western blot analysis showed that luteolin inhibited multiple gene products linked to survival (Akt, Fak, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL), inflammation (MAPK, NF-κB, COX-2, STAT-3, iNOS, TNF-α) and angiogenesis (HIF-1α, VEGF, MMP-9) in chronic Cr(VI) exposed BEAS-2B cells. Nude mice injected with BEAS-2B cells chronically exposed to Cr(VI) in the presence of luteolin showed reduced tumor incidence compared to Cr(VI) alone treated group. Overexpression of catalase (CAT) or SOD2, eliminated Cr(VI)-induced malignant transformation. Overall, our results indicate that luteolin protects BEAS-2B cells from Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenesis by scavenging ROS and modulating multiple cell signaling mechanisms that are linked to ROS. Luteolin, therefore, serves as a potential chemopreventive agent against Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenesis.
•Luteolin inhibited Cr(VI)-induced oxidative stress.•Luteolin inhibited chronic Cr(VI)-induced malignant transformation.•Luteolin inhibited chronic Cr(VI)-induced inflammation.•Luteolin inhibited chronic Cr(VI)-induced angiogenesis.
Sirtuin proteins regulate diverse cellular pathways that influence genomic stability, metabolism and ageing. SIRT7 is a mammalian sirtuin whose biochemical activity, molecular targets and ...physiological functions have been unclear. Here we show that SIRT7 is an NAD(+)-dependent H3K18Ac (acetylated lysine 18 of histone H3) deacetylase that stabilizes the transformed state of cancer cells. Genome-wide binding studies reveal that SIRT7 binds to promoters of a specific set of gene targets, where it deacetylates H3K18Ac and promotes transcriptional repression. The spectrum of SIRT7 target genes is defined in part by its interaction with the cancer-associated E26 transformed specific (ETS) transcription factor ELK4, and comprises numerous genes with links to tumour suppression. Notably, selective hypoacetylation of H3K18Ac has been linked to oncogenic transformation, and in patients is associated with aggressive tumour phenotypes and poor prognosis. We find that deacetylation of H3K18Ac by SIRT7 is necessary for maintaining essential features of human cancer cells, including anchorage-independent growth and escape from contact inhibition. Moreover, SIRT7 is necessary for a global hypoacetylation of H3K18Ac associated with cellular transformation by the viral oncoprotein E1A. Finally, SIRT7 depletion markedly reduces the tumorigenicity of human cancer cell xenografts in mice. Together, our work establishes SIRT7 as a highly selective H3K18Ac deacetylase and demonstrates a pivotal role for SIRT7 in chromatin regulation, cellular transformation programs and tumour formation in vivo.
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