The prefrontal cortex (PFC) orchestrates higher brain function and becomes disrupted in many mental health disorders. The rodent medial PFC (mPFC) possesses an enormous variety of projection neurons ...and interneurons. These cells are engaged by long-range inputs from other brain regions involved in cognition, motivation, and emotion. They also communicate in the local network via specific connections between excitatory and inhibitory cells. In this review, we describe the cellular diversity of the rodent mPFC, the impact of long-range afferents, and the specificity of local microcircuits. We highlight similarities with and differences between other cortical areas, illustrating how the circuit organization of the mPFC may give rise to its unique functional roles.
The rodent medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) shows key differences from sensory cortex in the composition and organization of local and long-range circuits.Long-range inputs from other brain regions display distinct lamination patterns, which contribute to the cellular and subcellular targeting of these projections.Long-range inputs to the mPFC contact distinct populations of both projection neurons and interneurons, potentially explaining these inputs’ unique behavioral roles.In many cases, long-range inputs preferentially target neurons that project back to the input region, providing a synaptic substrate for strong reciprocal loops.Projection neurons and interneurons also make specific local connections that shape how functional signals are routed through the mPFC, linking inputs with outputs.
Compact unequal power dividers are suggested for high-power division ratios and arbitrary phase differences. The power dividers are classified into two parts: power-dividing and ...impedance-transforming parts and consist of the asymmetric impedance transformers of constant voltage-standing wave ratio (VSWR)-type transmission-line impedance transformers (CVTs) and constant conductance-type transmission-line impedance transformers (CCTs). Given the special properties of asymmetric impedance transformers, the arbitrary phase differences between two outputs may be obtained by controlling the impedance-transforming part. Compactness can be achieved by using the equivalent circuits of stepped-impedance modified T-types and LS1-types. A power divider with a power division ratio of 9 (9.542 dB) and total transmission line sections that are 181.1 ° long is fabricated to verify compactness and best frequency performance. Another power divider comprising two CVTs and two different CCTs is measured for 45 ° phase difference between two outputs. The measured results are in good agreement with the predicted findings.
The typification of the genus name Piaropus (Pontederiaceae) and the Validation of the sectional name "Toxicodendron sect. Venenata Gillis" are addressed.
Available research has extensively examined the spatiotemporal patterns of fire‐weather regime in Portugal, but a comprehensive climatology of extreme wildfires is still under development. This study ...calls for different strategies and scales of analysis aiming to describe the relationships between medium and low troposphere weather conditions and severe fire behaviour in mainland Portugal, between 1980 and 2018. In particular, critical fire‐weather patterns and thresholds that can contribute to operational and forecasting know‐how in short and medium time ranges are presented. We updated the general trends in the fire regime with a new, longer daily burned area series and developed a method that identifies Extreme Wildfire Periods (EWP) that form the basis for climate analysis. Synoptic analysis using Circulation Weather Types (CWT) showed that the northeasterly and easterly directional flows are significantly associated with EWP and produce the most severe fire‐weather conditions. The four main CWT related to extreme fire are driven from anticyclones over the eastern Atlantic between the Azores and the British Isles. However, severe situations can also be regulated by CWT with marginal presence in both summer and EWP: low systems located to the west and northwest of Iberia carrying air masses from the south quadrant are related to catastrophic events. Regarding the antecedent climate, the results indicate that the coincident meteorological drought, whether weak or intense, is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the development of an EWP. An increasing relevance of water stress for shorter intervals preceding EWP, in the order of days and weeks, is apparent. Following these results, fine dead fuel moisture thresholds related to transitions in fire behaviour in Portuguese landscapes are computed using a promising predictive moisture content model. Finally, the different methods used are summoned for the detailed analysis of an EWP starting under unusual synoptic circulation.
Over the last few decades, fire regimes in Portugal evolved to high‐intensity and uncontrolled wildfires. This unexpected magnitude remains partially understood and a comprehensive climatology of extreme fire behaviour is still underdeveloped. Changing frequencies of extreme fire‐weather events call for the concatenation of different analytical methods, as explore in this study. In the image, two fire‐prone circulation patterns show positive surface air temperature anomalies (colour classes) over western Iberia during Extreme Fire Periods in the 1980–2018 time frame.
Hereditary angioedema is a rare genetic disorder caused by deficiency of C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-INH) and characterized by recurrent episodes of severe swelling that affect the limbs, face, ...intestinal tract and airway. Since laryngeal oedema can be life-threatening as a result of asphyxiation, correct diagnosis and management of hereditary angioedema is vital. Hereditary angioedema attacks are mediated by bradykinin, the production of which is regulated by C1-INH. Hereditary angioedema therapy relies on treatment of acute attacks, and short- and long-term prophylaxis. Acute treatment options include C1-INH concentrate, icatibant and ecallantide. Self-administration of treatment is recommended and is associated with increased quality of life of patients with hereditary angioedema. Advances in diagnosis and management have improved the outcomes and quality of life of patients with hereditary angioedema.
Quotient inductive-inductive types (QIITs) generalise inductive types in two ways: a QIIT can have more than one sort and the later sorts can be indexed over the previous ones. In addition, equality ...constructors are also allowed. We work in a setting with uniqueness of identity proofs, hence we use the term QIIT instead of higher inductive-inductive type. An example of a QIIT is the well-typed (intrinsic) syntax of type theory quotiented by conversion. In this paper first we specify finitary QIITs using a domain-specific type theory which we call the theory of signatures. The syntax of the theory of signatures is given by a QIIT as well. Then, using this syntax we show that all specified QIITs exist and they have a dependent elimination principle. We also show that algebras of a signature form a category with families (CwF) and use the internal language of this CwF to show that dependent elimination is equivalent to initiality.
•Trait-based approaches have advantages over species-based approaches.•Trait-based modelling is implemented for various scales and types of models.•There are discrepancies in core definitions of ...trait-based modelling.•Individual-based modelling can help to overcome limitations.•Exchange of trait-based modelling methods across disciplines should be intensified.
Trait-based approaches are an alternative to species-based approaches for functionally linking individual organisms with community structure and dynamics. In the trait-based approach, rather than focusing on the species identity of the organism, the focus is on the organism traits, which represent their physiological, morphological, or life-history characteristics. Although used in ecological research for several decades, this approach only emerged in ecological modelling about twenty years ago. We review this rise of trait-based models and trace the occasional transfer of trait-based modelling concepts between terrestrial plant ecology, animal and microbial ecology, and aquatic ecology, discuss terminology of trait-based approaches and evaluate future implementation of trait-based models, including cross-discipline exchange. Trait-based models have a variety of purposes, such as predicting changes in community patterns under climate and land-use change, understand underlying mechanisms for community assemblies, planning and assessing conservation management, or studying invasion processes. In modelling, trait-based approaches can reduce technical challenges such as computational limitations, scaling problems, and data scarcity. However, we note inconsistencies in the current usage of terms in trait-based approaches and these inconsistencies must be resolved if trait-based concepts are to be easily exchanged between disciplines. Specifically, future trait-based models may further benefit from incorporating intraspecific trait variability and addressing more complex species interactions. We also recommend expanding the combination of trait-based approaches with individual-based modelling to simplify the parameterization of models, to capture plant-plant interactions at the individual level, and to explain community dynamics under global change.
This study aimed to investigate the effect of 3 different eccentric-only power training volumes on muscle fiber type composition and power performance. Twenty-nine females were assigned into 3 groups ...and performed 10 weeks of either 3 (low volume), 6 (moderate volume), or 9 (high volume) sets/session of 4 fast-velocity eccentric-only half-squats against 70% of concentric 1-repetition maximum (1RM), followed by 3 maximum countermovement jumps (CMJs) after each set. Half-squat 1RM, CMJ height/power, maximum isometric force, rate of force development (RFD) and muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) were increased in all groups (p = 0.001). Low-volume training induced higher increases in CMJ height/power and early RFD, compared with the moderate- and high-volume training programs (p < 0.001). Significant reductions in type IIx muscle fiber percentages and %CSAs were found after moderate- and high-volume training, with concomitant increases in type IIa fibers (p = 0.001). Significant correlations were found between the changes in type IIa and type IIx percentages, fiber CSA, %CSA, and the changes in performance (r: –0.787 to 0.792; p < 0.05). These results suggest that relatively large eccentric power training volumes may result in detrimental neuromuscular adaptations, minimal changes in early RFD, and a reduction of type IIx muscle fiber percentage.
Novelty
Low but not high volume of power training maintains type IIx muscle fibers.
Early rate of force development increases after a low- or moderate-power training volume, but not after a high-power training volume.
Training-induced changes in type IIx muscle fiber percentage is related with changes in early rate of force development.
We extend classic union and intersection type systems with a type-case construction and show that the combination of the union elimination rule of the former and the typing rules for type-cases of ...our extension encompasses
occurrence typing
. To apply this system in practice, we define a canonical form for the expressions of our extension, called MSC-form. We show that an expression of the extension is typable if and only if its MSC-form is, and reduce the problem of typing the latter to the one of reconstructing annotations for that term. We provide a sound algorithm that performs this reconstruction and a proof-of-concept implementation.
Label-dependent session types Thiemann, Peter; Vasconcelos, Vasco T.
Proceedings of ACM on programming languages,
01/2020, Volume:
4, Issue:
POPL
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Session types have emerged as a typing discipline for communication protocols. Existing calculi with session types come equipped with many different primitives that combine communication with the ...introduction or elimination of the transmitted value.
We present a foundational session type calculus with a lightweight operational semantics. It fully decouples communication from the introduction and elimination of data and thus features a single communication reduction, which acts as a rendezvous between senders and receivers. We achieve this decoupling by introducing label-dependent session types, a minimalist value-dependent session type system with subtyping. The system is sufficiently powerful to simulate existing functional session type systems. Compared to such systems, label-dependent session types place fewer restrictions on the code. We further introduce primitive recursion over natural numbers at the type level, thus allowing to describe protocols whose behaviour depends on numbers exchanged in messages. An algorithmic type checking system is introduced and proved equivalent to its declarative counterpart. The new calculus showcases a novel lightweight integration of dependent types and linear typing, with has uses beyond session type systems.
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