Gender violence is a problem that has been increasing in recent years as a consequence of intolerance and cultural diversity in personal and social relationships. The aim of this study was to ...describe the scientific evidence on gender violence between intimate partners. The methodology used was the narrative review and analysis of articles published between 2019 and 2022 in the Scopus, EBSCO and Jane's databases, obtaining a total of 21 articles. The findings show that the existence of gender violence is a social problem that causes frustrations transferred to the partner, most of whom are women who report the various types of violence: physical, economic, sexual, emotional and psychological abuse. The main characteristics of violence are related to male dominance in the relationship, social isolation and subjugation of power due to economic, educational and cultural deficiencies, among others. It is concluded that exposure to violence requires timely psychological interventions that can mitigate the impact on mental health, which is why a comprehensive policy response is needed to benefit vulnerable populations.
Received: 22 March 2023 / Accepted: 28 May 2023 / Published: 5 July 2023
Significance A robust debate about the effects of climate change on conflict occurrences has attained wide public and policy attention, with sub-Saharan Africa generally viewed as most susceptible to ...increased conflict risk. Using a new disaggregated dataset of violence and climate anomaly measures (temperature and precipitation variations from normal) for sub-Saharan Africa 1980–2012, we consider political, economic, and geographic factors, not only climate metrics, in assessing the chances of increased violence. The location and timing of violence are influenced less by climate anomalies than by key political, economic, and geographic factors. Overall, the temperature effect is statistically significant, but important inconsistencies in the relationship between temperature extremes and conflict are evident in more nuanced relationships than have been previously identified.
Ongoing debates in the academic community and in the public policy arena continue without clear resolution about the significance of global climate change for the risk of increased conflict. Sub-Saharan Africa is generally agreed to be the region most vulnerable to such climate impacts. Using a large database of conflict events and detailed climatological data covering the period 1980–2012, we apply a multilevel modeling technique that allows for a more nuanced understanding of a climate–conflict link than has been seen heretofore. In the aggregate, high temperature extremes are associated with more conflict; however, different types of conflict and different subregions do not show consistent relationship with temperature deviations. Precipitation deviations, both high and low, are generally not significant. The location and timing of violence are influenced less by climate anomalies (temperature or precipitation variations from normal) than by key political, economic, and geographic factors. We find important distinctions in the relationship between temperature extremes and conflict by using multiple methods of analysis and by exploiting our time-series cross-sectional dataset for disaggregated analyses.
Violence against women: Zero tolerance Račić, Anđelka
Megatrend revija : međunarodni časopis za primenjenu ekonomiju,
2022, Volume:
19, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Violence against women has been present in every society for centuries. The right of men over the body and being of women was not questioned until the emancipation of women and the first works ...written on this topic in the 1960s. Today, half a century later, the prevailing view in all democratic societies is that violence against women is socially unacceptable and must be sanctioned. The principle of zero tolerance was adopted and applied - that is, the expression of zero degree of flexibility towards violence against women. No one can invoke their tradition and culture when violating the human rights and freedoms of others. The paper gives an overview of the concept of violence, comparative documents regulating this legal area, within the legal regulations, as the newly adopted Strategy for Prevention and Combating Gender-Based Violence against Women and Domestic Violence for the period 2021-2025. Also, the paper deals with the issue of the need for measures in the trial against violence against women, all with the aim of reducing it to as small a number as possible.
The consequences of domestic violence can be very serious for both individuals and society as a whole. Domestic violence, being one of the widespread instruments of dependence, requires study by ...forensic-investigative, forensic-medical and public organizations. The prospectivity of studying the forensic-medical aspects of this problem by analyzing the conditions, patterns of distribution of various forms of violence subsequently develops into a more objective approach to solving questions about the mechanisms and features of the formation of injuries, depending on the indicated situations.
to assess the national prevalence of domestic violence against women in Kazakhstan, to identify demographic, socio-economic and medical-social predictors that determine the prevalence of violence against women in modern conditions.
A qualitative-quantitative study was conducted in 14 regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the period from 2019 to 2022. The analysis was carried out based on the results of forensic medical reports and the results of a survey of 14,342 women who applied to the regional branches of the Center for Forensic Examinations of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The study used an adapted version of the questionnaire of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe about violence against women based on the methodology of the WHO Cross-Country Study on women's health and domestic violence against women. Applied statistical analysis methods were used to analyze the obtained results.
There has been an increase in cases of domestic violence over the past two years, especially in 2022. The main victims of domestic violence in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan are women (more than 77.9%), children - 17.52%, elderly people - 3.5% and men - less than 1.1%. The number of cases of domestic violence against women in different regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan differs significantly (p < 0.05) and is more apparent in large cities. The most vulnerable category are women aged 40 to 49 (41.46%) and 30 to 39 (37.80%). Women in the Republic of Kazakhstan
This study aims to understand the perceptions of violence at the university in an academic community from the reports of its occurrence on a university campus. Seventeen qualitative interviews were ...carried out with key informants: students, lecturers, and staff members who had a manager position or representation in the collegiate. The interviews were transcribed, and their content analyzed. It was possible to identify the types of violence into five categories, according to the participants’ experience and their recurrent discursive references. They are: hazing, gender or race-based violence, moral harassment, institutional violence, and other kinds of violence. The acts of violence in the university are varied and to know them offers subsidies to improve the institutional responses or create news forms of facing it.
Este estudo visa descrever as percepções sobre violência na universidade em uma comunidade acadêmica com base em relatos sobre violências ocorridas em um campus universitário. Entrevistas qualitativas foram realizadas com 17 informantes-chave, assim considerados pelos papéis desempenhados na comunidade: estudantes, professores e funcionários, em cargos de gestão e/ou de representação. As entrevistas foram transcritas e analisadas em seu conteúdo, e referências discursivas recorrentes permitiram identificar os tipos de violência em cinco categorias de acordo com a experiência dos participantes: trote; violência em função de gênero ou raça; assédio moral; violência institucional; e outros tipos de violência. As violências na universidade são diversas; conhecê-las permite oferecer subsídios para melhorar as respostas institucionais já existentes ou criar formas de enfrentamento.
El objetivo de este estudio es describir las percepciones sobre violencia en la universidad en una comunidad académica a partir de relatos sobre violencias ocurridas en un campus universitario. Se realizaron entrevistas cualitativas con diecisiete informantes-clave, considerados de tal forma por los papeles desempeñados en la comunidad: estudiantes, profesores y empleados, en cargos de gestión y/o de representación. Las entrevistas se transcribieron y analizaron en su contenido y referencias discursivas recurrentes permitieron identificar los tipos de violencia en cinco categorías, de acuerdo con la experiencia de los participantes: novatadas, violencia en función de género o raza, acoso moral, violencia institucional y otros tipos de violencia. Las violencias en la universidad son diversas, conocerlas permite ofrecer subsidios para mejorar las respuestas institucionales ya existentes o crear formas de enfrentamiento.
Testimonies of war and peace. A view from the schools of the catatumbo region Maricela Martínez-Guerrero; Diana Graciela Rojas-Sánchez; Daniel Villamizar-Jaimes
Revista Perspectivas (Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander, Cúcuta, Norte de Santander, Colombia),
07/2020, Volume:
5, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
In Colombia the latent armed conflict has been characterized by different forms of violence, with particularities of time, contexts, actors and dynamics that make it even more complex and with a ...prominent characteristic, regarding the violation of dignity and human rights especially against the civilian population. The Catatumbo Region and its inhabitants have closely suffered the effects of more than five decades of violence and it is hoped that after the signing of the peace treaty with the guerrilla group that had the greatest influence in the region, the situation would have changed for the better. This research collects the opinions of a group of students belonging to the Filo de Palo Headquarters, and teachers working in the community. A mixed research is developed in which the survey and the interview are used as data collection instruments. The results show that the informants think that there have been many effects both at individual and community level. They show a certain pessimism towards a better future and conclude that the educational process is one of the sectors that demands greater support from local authorities in order to offer new and better opportunities than those currently experienced by the academic community.
This research aimed to determine the prevalence of workplace violence (WPV) against healthcare workers, explore the frequency distribution of violence in different occupational groups, and determine ...which healthcare occupation suffers from WPV most frequently. Furthermore, the current study aimed to compare risk factors affecting different types of WPV in Chinese hospitals. A cross-sectional design was utilized. A total of 1899 healthcare workers from Heilongjiang, a province in Northeastern China, completed the questionnaire. Of the respondents, 83.3% reported exposure to workplace violence, and 68.9% reported non-physical violence. Gender, education, shift work, anxiety level, and occupation were significantly correlated with physical violence (
< 0.05 for all correlations). Additionally, age, professional title, and occupation were correlated with non-physical violence, which critically affected doctors. Thus, gender, age, profession, anxiety, and shift work were predictive of workplace violence toward healthcare workers. Doctors appeared to experience non-physical workplace violence with particularly higher frequency when compared to nurses and other workers in hospitals. For healthcare workers, interventions aimed at WPV reduction should be enacted according to the types of violence, profession, and other factors underlying the various types of WPV in hospitals.
Studies have assessed inequalities in violence by economic status, but few studies have been done with adolescents from middle-income countries. Our objective was to analyze inequalities in verbal ...bullying, family physical violence, sexual violence, and fights with weapons among Brazilian adolescents in school according to wealth and stratified by sex and skin color. We used data from the Brazilian National Survey of School Health (Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar PeNSE), carried out in 2015, with a representative sample of Brazilian adolescents attending ninth grade in public and private schools. We created a wealth index based on questions about access to goods and services through principal component analysis; this index was later divided into quintiles. We calculated the slope index of inequality (SII), the concentration index (CIX), and simple measures of inequality, such as ratio and difference. To identify statistically significant differences in sex and skin color inequality, we used the t test. We found high prevalence values of verbal bullying and family physical violence, 23.9% and 14.5%, respectively. In general, when comparing the types of violence according to SII and CIX, we observed a higher prevalence of violence among adolescents in the lower income quintiles, for both sexes and skin colors. We observed higher wealth inequality in sexual violence among girls (CIX = −14.89) when compared with boys (CIX = −4.63) (p = .001). We also observed higher wealth inequality in sexual violence among Whites (CIX = −15.55) when compared with Brown (CIX = −6.23) (p = .009). Wealth inequality aggravates the occurrence of violence among poorer Brazilian adolescents. Also, the identification of vulnerable groups may contribute to target public policies for fighting violence.
Introduction Gender-based violence (GBV) is a major public health problem that disproportionately affects women. In Cameroon, as well as other countries worldwide, GBV has immediate effects on ...women's health, with one in three women experiencing physical or sexual violence from an intimate partner, affecting their physical and reproductive health. The objective of this study was to determine the health risks associated with GBV among women in Yaoundé. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in Yaoundé (Cameroon), from August to October 2022. Adverse health outcome included mental disorders, physical trauma, gynaecological trauma, behavioral disorders, and any other disorder. Tests of associations were used to establish relationships between qualitative variables. Associations were further quantified using crude odds ratio (OR) for univariate analysis and adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for multivariate analysis with 95% confidence interval (CI). Independent variables included: Physical violence, Sexual violence, Economic violence, Emotional violence, Age, Number of children, and Marital status. Variables with p-valueË0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results A total of 404 women aged 17 to 67 years were interviewed. Emotional violence was the most commonly reported violence (78.8%), followed by economic violence (56.9%), physical violence (45.8%) and sexual violence (33.7%). The main reasons for violence were jealousy (25.7%), insolence (19.3%) and the refusal to have sexual intercourse (16.3%). The prevalences of adverse health outcomes were physical trauma (90.9%), followed by mental disorders (70,5%), gynaecological trauma (38.4%), behavioral disorders (29.7%), and other (5.5%). Most victims reported at least one of the above-mentioned conditions (80.2%). Women who were victims of any kind of violence had a higher likelihood of experiencing adverse health outcomes: physical violence OR = 34.9, CI(10.8-112.9), p < 0.001; sexual violence OR = 1.5, CI(0.9-2.7), p = 0.11; economic violence OR = 2.4, CI(1.4-3.9), p = 0.001; and emotional violence OR = 2.9, CI(1.7-4.9), p < 0.001. Using multiple binary logistic regression, only physical violence aOR = 15.4, CI(6.7-22.5), p = 0.001 remained highly associated with an increased likelihood of having adverse health outcomes. Conclusion This study underscores the urgent need for comprehensive interventions to address GBV, including improved reporting and documentation of cases, increased awareness among healthcare providers, the establishment of support networks for victims, primary and secondary prevention of GBV. It is essential that the Government of Cameroon, through the Ministries in charge of Health and Women's Empowerment, minimizes the health effects of GBV through early identification, monitoring, and treatment of GBV survivors by providing them with high-quality health care services. Keywords: Gender-based violence, Health effects, Women's health, Adverse health outcome, Types of violence
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