The article illustrates two elements of conflict found in the Ndoinet Forest area (Mau complex, Kenya): the first concerns the contrasting vision of the local communities and Kenya Forest Service ...(KFS) of degraded forest areas. The second concerns the conservation practices promoted by the forest service, specifically reforestation initiatives and the proposal to erect an electric fence. After illustrating the most common uses of the forest by the local population, I reflect on the conflicting elements that are created between these and the conservation measures by referring to “classic” and new themes of political ecology.
O aço USI-CIVIL 350 possui 0,23% em média de carbono e é bastante útil por ser ter alta resistência mecânica e ser de baixa liga, além de se enquadrar na categoria dos aços patináveis, os quais sob ...certas condições ambientais, podem desenvolver uma camada protetora contra a corrosão, formada por uma película de óxidos aderentes, a pátina. Com tais características ele é eficaz na construção de edifícios, pontes, navios e automóveis. Nesse trabalho, objetivou-se preparar amostras metalográficas desse aço, laminado à quente, para o estudo da relação entre o corte do material com a sua microestrutura.
Globally iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) is a major preventable cause of cognitive impairment in new born. In developing countries, every year 38 million newborn develop cognitive impairment as a ...result of iodine deficiency. Iodine consumption by pregnant women is affected by many factors. Hence, we conducted this study to identify factors associated with IDD. To know the effects of different factors on use of iodized salt by pregnant women visiting antenatal outpatient department (OPD) at a public sector tertiary care hospital of Karachi.
Pregnant women (n=360) visiting antenatal OPD at public sector tertiary care hospital of Karachi were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Systematic random sampling method was employed. Data was collected from March 2017 to January 2018. Chi-square test was applied to identify factors associated with IDD.
Thirty one (31% ) of pregnant women were consuming iodized salt in their homes. The percentage of participants who heard about iodized salt for the first time was 24%. Twelve percent (12%) reported that price of iodized salt is more than that of normal salt. Ninety eight (98%) of pregnant women replied that they were not informed about the importance of iodine or iodine requirement during pregnancy by their doctor or health care provider. A statistically significant association was observed between educational status (p=0.001) and household income (p<0.001) with the use of iodized salt.
Low education, low income of study participants are identified as factors related to limited consumption and incorrect practices related to the use of iodized salt. In order to address iodine deficiency, there is a need to not only sensitize the expectant mothers about the adverse outcome of maternal iodine deficiency for their unborn child but also to introduce an awareness program at the antenatal clinics by the Health Professional for the antenatal care seeking women. There is also an immense need of support from Government side as well to make strategies and policy changes at the national level to ensure the availability, accessibility and affordability of iodized salt.
Objectives
To assess the additional value of ambulatory urodynamics (AUDS) monitoring in the management of patients with unexplained lower urinary tract symptoms.
Methods
A retrospective review of ...the urodynamic data at a tertiary referral center between January 2006 and December 2018. During this period 12,123 urodynamic studies were conducted; 430 patients were arranged to have AUDS monitoring because their symptoms were not reproduced with either standard or video urodynamics (UDS).
Results
A total of 391 patients were included, (360 females, 31 males). Symptoms were reproduced in 74% of cases. The most common AUDS finding was detrusor overactivity with or without incontinence, followed by urodynamic stress incontinence. In 75.7% of the patients, the additional information from AUDS resulted in a change to patient management.
Conclusions
Additional UDS findings were made in the majority of patients who underwent AUDS. This helped in setting a new treatment plan for the bothersome urinary findings. AUDS monitoring is a useful additional diagnostic tool and can help to guide patient management where symptoms are not explained by standard or video UDS.
Structural information derived via ultrasound is utilized as prior information for quantitative microwave imaging. The structural information is extracted from ray-based ultrasound reconstructions ...using a K-means clustering algorithm and consists of three tissue regions (skin, adipose, and fibroglandular). Tissue-specific complex permittivity values are assigned to each region (i.e., the complex permittivity is homogeneous over each region). The regions are then incorporated as an inhomogeneous numerical background in a quantitative microwave imaging algorithm (contrast source inversion). This new approach is assessed using synthetic data obtained from several anthropomorphic breast models of various densities derived from magnetic resonance imaging breast images, all containing tumors. Imaging results are quantitatively evaluated based on the algorithm's ability to detect the tumors. The performance is tested with four different variations of the prior information: two variations of the structural information and two of the assigned permittivity values. The resulting ultrasound-microwave multimodality imaging approach substantially improves the fidelity and accuracy of the reconstructed internal structures relative to previous studies that used radar-based microwave techniques to extract the internal structural information. An improvement in the sensitivity of the imaging algorithm to malignant tissue is also observed.
Background Household coverage with iodized salt was assessed in 10 countries that implemented Universal Salt Iodization (USI).
Objective The objective of this paper was to summarize household ...coverage data for iodized salt, including the relation between coverage and residence type and socioeconomic status (SES).
Methods: A review was conducted of results from cross-sectional multistage household cluster surveys with the use of stratified probability proportional to size design in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Niger, the Philippines, Senegal, Tanzania, and Uganda. Salt iodine content was assessed with quantitative methods in all cases. The primary indicator of coverage was percentage of households that used adequately iodized salt, with an additional indicator for salt with some added iodine. Indicators of risk were SES and residence type. We used 95% CIs to determine significant differences in coverage.
Results National household coverage of adequately iodized salt varied from 6.2% in Niger to 97.0% in Uganda. For salt with some added iodine, coverage varied from 52.4% in the Philippines to 99.5% in Uganda. Coverage with adequately iodized salt was significantly higher in urban than in rural households in Bangladesh (68.9% compared with 44.3%, respectively), India (86.4% compared with 69.8%, respectively), Indonesia (59.3% compared with 51.4%, respectively), the Philippines (31.5% compared with 20.2%, respectively), Senegal (53.3% compared with 19.0%, respectively), and Tanzania (89.2% compared with 57.6%, respectively). In 7 of 8 countries with data, household coverage of adequately iodized salt was significantly higher in high- than in low-SES households in Bangladesh (58.8% compared with 39.7%, respectively), Ghana (36.2% compared with 21.5%, respectively), India (80.6% compared with 70.5%, respectively), Indonesia (59.9% compared with 45.6%, respectively), the Philippines (39.4% compared with 17.3%, respectively), Senegal (50.7% compared with 27.6%, respectively) and Tanzania (80.9% compared with 51.3%, respectively).
Conclusions Uganda has achieved USI. In other countries, access to iodized salt is inequitable. Quality control and regulatory enforcement of salt iodization remain challenging. Notable progress toward USI has been made in Ethiopia and India. Assessing progress toward USI only through household salt does not account for potentially iodized salt consumed through processed foods.
Los testimonios materiales que conforman las colecciones de los museos, las cosas, los objetos están en relación con el mundo que le dio forma y nombre.
An hourly-resolution dataset from observations at the automatic weather stations (AWSs) is developed and applied to study the characteristics of weakening surface wind in the urban areas of Beijing ...City in 2008–2017. The “Urban Stilling Island (USI)” is defined and quantified to depict the surface wind speed (WS) differences between rural and urban regions. The urban (rural) sites are represented by 45 (6) stations within (outside) the 6th Ring Road (RR). The results demonstrate remarkable smaller annual and seasonal average WS values in urban areas than in rural areas, indicating significant USI, especially in the central urban areas (within the 4th RR) in spring and winter. Further analysis reveals that the surface roughness effect dominates and enhances the USI intensity (USII) under the stronger large-scale background wind in spring and winter, whereas the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect may dominate and decrease the USII under weaker large-scale wind in summer and autumn. The diurnal USII variations are characterized by a steady low-value phase from 1900 to 0800 Beijing Time (BT) and a high-value phase from 1100 to 1500 BT, with rapid shifts of USII in between. Long-term variation of hourly USII shows large mean USII in 2008–2012 but decreased USII in 2013–2017, possibly attributed to the change of urbanization level around the rural observation sites.
To determine the usefulness of mid-urethral slings (MUS) in the surgical management of women presenting with urinary stress incontinence (USI) METHOD: A consensus committee of multidisciplinary ...experts (CUROPF) was convened and focused on PICO questions concerning the efficacy and safety of MUS surgery compared to other procedures and concerning which approach (retropubic (RP) vs transobturator (TO)) should be proposed as a first-line MUS surgery for specific subpopulations (obese; intrinsic sphincteric deficiency (ISD); elderly) RESULTS: As compared to other procedures (urethral bulking agents, traditional slings and open colposuspension), the MUS procedure should be proposed as the first-line surgical therapy (strong agreement). MUS surgery can be associated with complications and proper pre-operative informed consent is mandatory (strong agreement). Mini-slings (SIS/SIMS) should only be proposed in clinical trials (strong agreement). Both RP and TO approaches may be proposed for the insertion of MUS (strong agreement). However, if the woman is willing to accept a moderate increase in per-operative risk, the RP approach should be preferred (strong agreement) since it is associated with higher very long-term cure rates and as it is possible to completely remove the sling surgically if a severe complication occurs. The RP approach should be used for the insertion of MUS in a woman presenting with ISD (strong agreement). Either the RP or TO approach should be used for the insertion of MUS in an obese woman presenting with USI (strong agreement). In very obese women (BMI ≥35-40kg/m
), weight loss should be preferred prior to MUS surgery and bariatric surgery should be discussed (strong agreement) CONCLUSION: The current Opinion provides an appropriate strategy for both the selection of patients and the best therapeutic approach in women presenting with USI.
PDF
