Slovenska medicinska akademija (SMA), katere poslanstvo je tudi spodbujanje znanstveno-raziskovalnega dela, je organizirala okroglo mizo o pomenu in stranpoteh znanstveno-raziskovalnega dela v ...medicini. Sodelujoči so poudarili, da je znanost vodilna sila razvoja na vseh področjih življenja, vključno z medicino. Znanstveno-raziskovalno delo neposredno koristi medicinski praksi in omogoča bolj kakovostno obravnavo bolnikov. Medicinska znanost je v primerjavi z drugimi vedami v posebnem položaju, saj je večina raziskav povezana s poseganjem v telesno integriteto človeka. Zato mora biti pod drobnogledom nadzornih struktur, ki skrbijo za varnost in etičnost ravnanja na tem področju. Potrebno je pred samim začetkom etično oceniti vsako medicinsko raziskavo, kar opravlja Komisija za medicinsko etiko RS. Znanstvena dejavnost v medicini je glede financiranja v neenakopravnem položaju z raziskovalnim delom na številnih drugih področjih, saj so klinični zdravniki in zdravniki na obeh medicinskih fakultetah lahko raziskovalci le manjši del svojega delovnega časa. Celo na terciarnih ustanovah so raziskovalci entuziasti, ki opravljajo raziskovalno delo v svojem prostem času. Žal je tudi medicinska znanost neredko izpostavljena dejavnikom, ki ogrožajo njeno nevtralnost in objektivnost, ker je v ospredju tekmovalnost in interes institucij, od katerih je raziskovalno delo finančno odvisno. Prihaja do improvizacij in hitenja z objavami delnih rezultatov še pred zaključkom kompleksnih raziskav. V akademski sferi so vedno večji pritiski, saj so objave, čeprav tudi za lase privlečenih rezultatov, pogoj za napredovanje. Raziskovalec je neredko odvisen od financiranja raziskav od sponzorjev (zlasti farmacevtske industrije), ne pa od neodvisnih finančnih virov, kar lahko vpliva na verodostojnost rezultatov. V zadnjih letih se klasičnim raziskavam pridružujejo raziskave, ki uporabljajo umetno inteligenco. Analiza rezultatov, ki jo opravi umetna inteligenca, je neprimerno hitrejša in natančnejša, a ne vedno pravilnejša. Tudi uporabo umetne inteligence spremljajo pasti. Ni namreč vedno jasno, ali je besedilo napisal človek ali umetna inteligenca, kar odmika odgovornost za objavljene rezultate. Poleg tega se na internetnih zapisih pojavljajo tudi izmišljotine, ki postavljajo pod vprašaj verodostojnost poročanja o ugotovitvah raziskav. Znanost je gonilo razvoja medicine, mora pa biti vrednotenjsko nevtralna in temeljiti na preverjenih dejstvih.
V članku prikazujemo analizo učnih priprav, ki jih je ustvaril veliki jezikovni model ChatGPT, in se sprašujemo, kakšen vir informacij lahko tovrstne priprave predstavljajo (bodočim) učiteljem in ...učiteljicam nemščine.
Ugotavljamo, da so učne priprave, ki jih ponudi ChatGPT, podobne običajnim zgledom načrta za učno enoto, kot jih poznamo v praksi. ChatGPT predlaga tako strukturni kot tudi procesni del didaktične enote. Čeprav je strukturni del glede na prakso nekoliko pomanjkljiv, a se vseeno z izpisom zadovoljimo, pa se več problematičnih točk pojavlja v procesnem delu generiranih priprav. Predlagane dejavnosti za doseganje določenega učnega cilja so pogosto premalo osredinjene na učenca in učenje. Učenec sicer sodeluje v učnem procesu, vendar je njegova vloga omejena pretežno na vadenje in urjenje, ni pa zaznati aktivne participacije pri odločitvah. Glavni posredovalec znanja je učitelj, saj učenja z odkrivanjem ali raziskovanjem ali problemskega pristopa skoraj nismo zasledili. Vsebinsko so učne priprave popolnoma prazne, saj ne vsebujejo nobenih napotkov, katero konkretno vsebino se pri določeni učni uri obravnava. ChatGPT pri izdelavi priprav ne upošteva dovolj natančno razlik glede na stopnje, določene po SEJO. Terminološko ChatGPT poskrbi za pravo zmedo, saj nekatere ustaljene izraze s področja didaktike in tujejezikovne didaktike popolnoma napačno uporablja, nekatere med seboj pomeša ali občasno uporabi termine, ki so v slovenščini neustrezni.
Kljub veliko pomanjkljivostim, ki smo jih prepoznali, pa vseeno lahko to orodje bodočim učiteljem in učiteljicam pomaga pri uresničevanju nekaterih didaktično-metodičnih načel sodobnega pouka tujega jezika, saj v pripravah najdemo tudi dobre primere dejavnosti za spodbujanje interakcije, avtomatizacije in evalvacije. Da bi bodoči učitelji in učiteljice nemščine nevarnosti in določene potenciale ChatGPT-ja znali izluščiti, pa jim je v času študija nujno treba omogočiti, da v luči različnih teorij izdelke ChatGPT-ja kritično vrednotijo.
Umetna inteligenca predstavlja zaradi možnosti podpore pri odkrivanju in spremljanju bolezni ter napovedovanju izida novi mejnik v sodobni medicinski tehnologiji. Njena klinična uporabnost se je v ...zadnjih letih dramatično povečala predvsem na račun uvedbe konvolucijskih nevronskih mrež v modeliranje računalniško podprtih sistemov umetne inteligence. Celotna oftalmologija, zlasti pa področje bolezni mrežnice, pri kateri diagnosticiranje sloni na slikovnih preiskavah, se vodi izrazito tehnološko. Zato je edinstvena stroka pri vpeljavi novosti s področja umetne inteligence v klinično uporabo. Kljub temu pa je integracija umetne inteligence v presejanje, diagnosticiranje in zdravljenje oftalmoloških bolezni predvsem zaradi prevelikega posploševanja pri zaznavanju sprememb in slabih zmožnosti sočasnega prepoznavanja različnih kliničnih entitet zaenkrat še omejena. V članku se osredinjamo na nedavno predstavljene algoritme umetne inteligence, ki so prvenstveno namenjeni odkrivanju najpogostejših bolezni mrežnice in so, ali se še bodo, z morebitnimi izboljšavami, pridobljeno višjo občutljivostjo in specifičnostjo, vendarle uvedli v klinično prakso.
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a surge in scientific publications, some of which have bypassed the usual peer-review processes, leading to an increase in unsupported claims being referenced. ...Therefore, the need for references in scientific articles is increasingly being questioned. The practice of relying solely on quantitative measures, such as impact factor, is also considered inadequate by many experts. This can lead to researchers choosing research ideas that are likely to generate favourable metrics instead of interesting and important topics. Evaluating the quality and scientific value of articles requires a rethinking of current approaches, with a move away from purely quantitative methods.
Artificial intelligence (AI)-based tools are making scientific writing easier and less time-consuming, which is likely to further increase the number of scientific publications, potentially leading to higher quality articles.
AI tools for searching, analysing, synthesizing, evaluating and writing scientific literature are increasingly being developed. These tools deeply analyse the content of articles, consider their scientific impact, and prioritize the retrieved literature based on this information, presenting it in simple visual graphs. They also help authors to quickly and easily analyse and synthesize knowledge from the literature, prepare summaries of key information, aid in organizing references, and improve manuscript language. The language model ChatGPT has already greatly changed the way people communicate with computers, bringing it closer to human communication. However, while AI tools are helpful, they must be used carefully and ethically.
In summary, AI has already changed the way we write articles, and its use in scientific publishing will continue to enhance and streamline the process.
This book examines the European governance of emerging security technologies.The emergence of technologies such as drones, autonomous robotics, artificial intelligence, cyber and biotechnologies has ...stimulated worldwide debates on their use, risks and benefits in both the civilian and the security-related fields. This volume examines the concept of ‘governance’ as an analytical framework and tool to investigate how new and emerging security technologies are governed in practice within the European Union (EU), emphasising the relational configurations among different state and non-state actors. With reference to European governance, it addresses the complex interplay of power relations, interests and framings surrounding the development of policies and strategies for the use of new security technologies. The work examines varied conceptual tools to shed light on the way diverse technologies are embedded in EU policy frameworks. Each contribution identifies actors involved in the governance of a specific technology sector, their multilevel institutional and corporate configurations, and the conflicting forces, values, ethical and legal concerns, as well as security imperatives and economic interests.This book will be of much interest to students of science and technology studies, security studies and EU policy.
Big Mind Mulgan, Geoff
2017, 2017., 20171113, 2017-11-28
eBook
A new field of collective intelligence has emerged in the last few years, prompted by a wave of digital technologies that make it possible for organizations and societies to think at large scale. ...This "bigger mind"--human and machine capabilities working together--has the potential to solve the great challenges of our time. So why do smart technologies not automatically lead to smart results? Gathering insights from diverse fields, including philosophy, computer science, and biology, Big Mind reveals how collective intelligence can guide corporations, governments, universities, and societies to make the most of human brains and digital technologies. Geoff Mulgan explores how collective intelligence has to be consciously organized and orchestrated in order to harness its powers. He looks at recent experiments mobilizing millions of people to solve problems, and at groundbreaking technology like Google Maps and Dove satellites. He also considers why organizations full of smart people and machines can make foolish mistakes--from investment banks losing billions to intelligence agencies misjudging geopolitical events--and shows how to avoid them. Highlighting differences between environments that stimulate intelligence and those that blunt it, Mulgan shows how human and machine intelligence could solve challenges in business, climate change, democracy, and public health. But for that to happen we'll need radically new professions, institutions, and ways of thinking.
The development of information technology enabled us to exchange more items of information among us no matter how far we are apart from each other. It also changed our way of communication. Various ...types of robots recently promoted to be sold to general public hint that these robots may further influence our daily life as they physically interact with us and handle objects in environment. We may even recognize a feel of presence similar to that of human beings when we talk to a robot or when a robot takes part in our conversation. The impact will be strong enough for us to think about the meaning of communication. This e-book consists of various studies that examine our communication influenced by robots. Topics include our attitudes toward robot behaviors, designing robots for better communicating with people, and how people can be affected by communicating through robots.
Pojav novih oblik uprizoritvenih pisav v šestdesetih in sedemdesetih letih prejšnjega stoletja sicer ni odpravil tradicionalnih dramskih oblik, je pa korenito spremenil vlogo besedilnosti v ...gledališču. V članku zagovarjamo tezo, da je uprizoritvena pisava, osvobojena pravil dramske pisave in celo sintakse ter gramatike, v besedilno produkcijo vnesla ilokacijsko logiko. Članek zaključimo s preliminarnim razmislekom o razlikah med eksperimentalnimi strategijami pisave in najnovejšimi oblikami umetne inteligence za generiranje besedil.
Genetic programming (GP) is a branch of Evolutionary Computing that aims the automatic discovery of programs to solve a given problem. Since its appearance, in the earliest nineties, GP has become ...one of the most promising paradigms for solving problems in the artificial intelligence field, producing a number of human-competitive results and even patentable new inventions. And, as other areas in Computer Science, GP continues evolving quickly, with new ideas, techniques and applications being constantly proposed.The purpose of this book is to show recent advances in the field of GP, both the development of new theoretical approaches and the emergence of applications that have successfully solved different real world problems. The volume is primarily aimed at postgraduates, researchers and academics, although it is hoped that it may be useful to undergraduates who wish to learn about the leading techniques in GP.
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