In response to the United Nations' call to build a sustainable and age‐friendly society, older adults' public health, normally measured by functional capacity, has been of increasing concern on a ...global scale. The built environment is closely intertwined with the functional capacity of older adults, as evidenced by extensive studies. However, most studies have focused on exploring linear relationships between the built environment and functional capability yet overlooking non‐linear relationships. This study aims to investigate non‐linear relationships between the built environment and older adults' functional capability. Therefore, this study conducted in 2018 adopts a generalized additive mixed model based on a sample of 1083 participants in a typical aging society of Hong Kong. The results discover improved functional capability among older adults who are younger, female, living with family members, with a longer care cycle and fewer comorbidities. The results also support non‐linear relationships between the built environment and older adults' functional capability. The optimal functional capability of older Hong Kong adults was found under a specific threshold of built environment factors, such as park density with a desirable number of 5 ± 2, intersection density with a maximal threshold of 200, the highest sky view percentage possibly, and land‐use diversity with a minimum threshold of 0.6 for entropy index. The study is of value for relevant stakeholders and policymakers to implement sustainable and age‐friendly urban planning for the built environment for facilitating older adults' public health.
Acapulco is an influential development pole in the territorial dynamics of the State of Guerrero; therefore, the study of its urban planning is relevant from the perspective of democratic governance ...and related political processes at the regional level. We analyze the discourse of the citizen participation workshops of the 2015 urban planning process, where an ideal of a tourist city without environmental vision prevailed, a participation exercise carried out only to legitimize the planning process without achieving it. We showed that the auxiliary planning bodies fail to build consensus, the presence of an influential group of technicians, and the null representativeness of vulnerable groups. It is necessary that an inclusive city and the collective interest be claimed from civil society. Resumen Acapulco es un polo de desarrollo influyente en las dinámicas territoriales del estado de Guerrero, por ende, el estudio de su planeación urbana es relevante desde la perspectiva de gobernanza democrática y de los procesos políticos relacionados con ésta en el ámbito regional. Analizamos el discurso de los talleres de participación ciudadana del proceso de planeación urbana de 2015, donde en el cual prevaleció un ideal de ciudad turística sin visión ambiental, un ejercicio de participación realizado únicamente para legitimar el proceso de planeación sin lograrlo. Mostramos que los organismos auxiliares de planeación no logran construir consensos, debido a la presencia de un grupo de técnicos influyente y a la nula representatividad de grupos vulnerables. Es necesario que una ciudad inclusiva y el interés colectivo sean reclamados desde la sociedad civil. Résumé Acapulco est un pôle de développement influent dans la dynamique territoriale de l'état du Guerrero. Par conséquent, l'étude de sa planification urbaine est pertinente pour la perspective de la gouvernance démocratique et des processus politiques connexes régionaux. Nous analysons le discours des ateliers de participation citoyenne du processus de planification urbaine de 2015, au cours desquels a prévalu un idéal de ville touristique sans vision environnementale : il s'agit alors d'un exercice de participation réalisé uniquement pour légitimer le processus de planification, sans résultat concret. Nous avons montré que les organes auxiliaires de planification ne parviennent pas à construire un consensus, en raison de la présence d'un groupe influent de techniciens et d'une représentativité nulle des groupes vulnérables. La ville inclusive et l'intérêt collectif doivent être revendiqués par la société civile.
•Street-level imagery became ingrained as an important urban data source.•Most comprehensive review on street view imagery in geospatial and urban studies.•We have screened 619 papers to identify the ...state of the art, focusing on applications.•250 studies are classified into 10 application domains and span dozens of use cases.
Street view imagery has rapidly ascended as an important data source for geospatial data collection and urban analytics, deriving insights and supporting informed decisions. Such surge has been mainly catalysed by the proliferation of large-scale imagery platforms, advances in computer vision and machine learning, and availability of computing resources. We screened more than 600 recent papers to provide a comprehensive systematic review of the state of the art of how street-level imagery is currently used in studies pertaining to the built environment. The main findings are that: (i) street view imagery is now clearly an entrenched component of urban analytics and GIScience; (ii) most of the research relies on data from Google Street View; and (iii) it is used across myriads of domains with numerous applications – ranging from analysing vegetation and transportation to health and socio-economic studies. A notable trend is crowdsourced street view imagery, facilitated by services such as Mapillary and KartaView, in some cases furthering geographical coverage and temporal granularity, at a permissive licence.
The article presents an analysis of the development of the Lviv tram network from the end of the XIXth century till nowadays and for the near future. The stages of construction of tram depots and ...development of tram lines in the context of the city territory servicing, their changes, and connection with the configuration of the city street network are shown. City planning approaches to further development of the tram network infrastructure are presented.
•Urban green space promotes physical activity and public health.•Many US minority communities lack green space access, an environmental injustice.•US and Chinese cities have developed innovative ways ...to create new green space.•Urban greening can, however, create paradoxical effects such as gentrification.•Urban green space projects need more integrative sustainability policies to protect communities.
Urban green space, such as parks, forests, green roofs, streams, and community gardens, provides critical ecosystem services. Green space also promotes physical activity, psychological well-being, and the general public health of urban residents. This paper reviews the Anglo-American literature on urban green space, especially parks, and compares efforts to green US and Chinese cities. Most studies reveal that the distribution of such space often disproportionately benefits predominantly White and more affluent communities. Access to green space is therefore increasingly recognized as an environmental justice issue. Many US cities have implemented strategies to increase the supply of urban green space, especially in park-poor neighborhoods. Strategies include greening of remnant urban land and reuse of obsolete or underutilized transportation infrastructure. Similar strategies are being employed in Chinese cities where there is more state control of land supply but similar market incentives for urban greening. In both contexts, however, urban green space strategies may be paradoxical: while the creation of new green space to address environmental justice problems can make neighborhoods healthier and more esthetically attractive, it also can increase housing costs and property values. Ultimately, this can lead to gentrification and a displacement of the very residents the green space strategies were designed to benefit. Urban planners, designers, and ecologists, therefore, need to focus on urban green space strategies that are ‘just green enough’ and that explicitly protect social as well as ecological sustainability.
•Contact with nature positively contributes to the health of people.•For the design of healthy cities, empirically substantiated metrics are required.•Type of nature, size, distance and quality are ...discussed.•Cumulative opportunities-based indicators of urban green space seem preferable.•For future research, more functionally oriented accessibility indicators are needed.
There is growing scientific recognition that contact with nature in general, and contact with urban green more specific, have the potential to positively contribute to human health. For the purpose of developing healthy urban neighbourhoods, this raises the question how to take scientific evidence about these health benefits into account. Accessibility metrics that are well substantiated by empirical evidence are needed. This paper reviews the quantitative and qualitative aspects relevant for accessibility metrics and empirical studies addressing these aspects in relation to health. Studies comparing different types of green space indicators suggest that cumulative opportunities indicators are more consistently positively related to health than residential proximity ones. In contrast to residential proximity indicators, cumulative opportunities indicators take all the green space within a certain distance into account. Comparing results across studies proved to be hard. Green space accessibility was measured in a variety of ways and the green space indicator that was chosen was often not problematized. We feel that it is time for a more function-oriented approach. How precisely does contact with nature impact health and what type and qualities are relevant in this regard? We think this will lead to a new generation of more evidence-based accessibility metrics that will help to advance the field.
•Most publications reviewed fail to define what is meant by the term greenspace.•Of those that do provide a definition, six different definition types are identified.•Two broad interpretations are ...used: a) greenspace as synonomous with nature; and.•b) greenspace as explicitly urban vegetation.•Recommend a definition is required that is both qualitative and quantitative.
Greenspace research has been driven by an emerging interest in the impact that biodiversity and ecosystem function has on life in urban areas. Studies from multiple disciplines across the life, physical and social sciences investigate the interactions with or within greenspace, creating a wide range of potentially related, but disparate findings. In order to understand whether these unconnected findings might be integrated, it is important to be able to make comparisons and build meta-analyses. In a review of journal articles about greenspace, we found that less than half of the 125 journal articles reviewed defined what greenspace was in their study; although many articles implied a definition. In those that provided a definition, we identified two overarching interpretations of greenspace using six different definition types. Perhaps arising from how the term has been lexicalized, this suggests that researchers do not have the same understanding of greenspace and limits the ability of researchers to draw meaning from multiple contexts or create syntheses. Rather than suggest a single, prescriptive understanding of greenspace, we propose that researchers construct a definition of greenspace for the context of their research that utilises both qualitative and quantitative aspects.
A city is a large and permanent human ecosystem which provides a lot of services and opportunities to its citizens. The rapid urbanization and increasing population have put a lot of strains on city ...infrastructures and service deliveries. The current urbanization requires strong strategies and innovative planning to modernize the urban life. Many cities are enhancing quality and performance of urban services by being digitalized, intelligent and smarter. The policymakers and city authorities are exploring solutions to deliver the new services in an efficient, responsive and sustainable manner for a large population. The study explores all the possible services among various city dimensions which can make a city smart. The ideas related to smart services are collected from the peer vetted creative crowdsourcing process performed online in India. A directed qualitative conventional content analysis is used to analyze the collected ideas. The unique ideas are clustered into 19 different service categories. The findings suggest multi-dimensional service classification along with required basic infrastructural development. Further, the Smart City Transformation Framework (SCTF) is proposed to help the policy makers, urban developers, government officials and service providers in terms of understanding and to draw more insights from the suggested smart solutions for development of smart cities. There are four key areas (Planning, Physical infrastructure, ICT infrastructure and Deploying Smart solutions) discussed in the proposed framework to illustrate the city transformation. The proposed SCTF is supported by literature and examples adopted by various smart cities across the world to illustrate its effectiveness. Moreover, a mind map is designed to illustrate the interrelationships among the collected ideas in an attractive and procedural visualization for city transformation process.
•Smart cities approaches can efficiently handle the existing urban issues.•An exhaustive set of smart services have been listed for city improvements.•Smart City Transformation Framework deals with smart city design process.•Mind map represents the interlinkages among the various smart initiatives.
•Review of cooling potential from green infrastructure in cities with hot, dry summers.•Presents a hierarchical process to prioritise urban areas for green infrastructure.•Framework to strategically ...select green infrastructure that is ‘fit-for-place’ and ‘-purpose’.•Case study of framework applied to local government planning scale.
Warming associated with urban development will be exacerbated in future years by temperature increases due to climate change. The strategic implementation of urban green infrastructure (UGI) e.g. street trees, parks, green roofs and facades can help achieve temperature reductions in urban areas while delivering diverse additional benefits such as pollution reduction and biodiversity habitat. Although the greatest thermal benefits of UGI are achieved in climates with hot, dry summers, there is comparatively little information available for land managers to determine an appropriate strategy for UGI implementation under these climatic conditions. We present a framework for prioritisation and selection of UGI for cooling. The framework is supported by a review of the scientific literature examining the relationships between urban geometry, UGI and temperature mitigation which we used to develop guidelines for UGI implementation that maximises urban surface temperature cooling. We focus particularly on quantifying the cooling benefits of four types of UGI: green open spaces (primarily public parks), shade trees, green roofs, and vertical greening systems (green walls and facades) and demonstrate how the framework can be applied using a case study from Melbourne, Australia.
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