Blattläuse sind aufgrund ihres massenhaften Auftretens, verbunden mit direkten Saugschäden und ihrer Fähigkeit, Viren zu übertragen, wichtige Schadinsekten. Entgegen dem belegten Rückgang der ...Insektenvielfalt in der Agrarlandschaft, sind Blattläuse von diesem Trend offenbar weniger betroffen und zeigen in Saugfallen konstante oder sogar steigende Zahlen. Lange Zeit konnten Blattläuse mit hoher Effizienz durch den Einsatz von chemischen Insektiziden bekämpft werden. Verschiedene Gründe (gesellschaftspolitische Akzeptanz sowie die Ausbreitung von Insektizidresistenzen) führen jedoch zu einer Einschränkung des Einsatzes chemischer Insektizide und damit zu der Notwendigkeit, Werkzeuge für alternative Strategien zu entwickeln. Das Konzept des Integrierten Pflanzenschutzes beinhaltet verschiedene alternative Ansätze zur Schädlingsbekämpfung, z. B. Pflanzenresistenzen, für die es bereits mehrere Anwendungsbeispiele im Feld gibt. Darüber hinaus werden die Möglichkeiten des Blattlausmonitorings sowie Beispiele für den Einsatz neuer Züchtungsmethoden (Genome Editing) und neuer dsRNA-basierter Insektizide diskutiert.
Slip systems in triclinic hen egg-white lysozyme (Tri-HEWL) crystals, which are typical protein crystals, were identified by an indentation method. Eleven kinds of slip systems are clearly observed. ...These slip systems are determined by surface energy estimation using phenomenological macro-bond methods. Based on the analysis of the slip systems, it can be suggested that the active slip systems are controlled by not the Burgers vector but the slip plane with lower surface energy for crystals with complex macromolecules and lower crystallographic symmetry such as Tri-HEWL crystals. This mechanism to decide active slip systems is unique compared with the conventional crystals such as FCC metals and covalent materials. It is expected to establish a more comprehensive dislocation theory including macromolecular crystals.
Slip systems in triclinic hen egg-white lysozyme (Tri-HEWL) crystals, which is one of typical protein crystals, were identified by the indentation method and the surface energy estimation using phenomenological macro-bond methods.
ABSTRAKKendali vektor merupakan solusi terbaik dalam kendali motor induksi untuk meningkatkan karakter dinamis dan efisiensinya. Pada penelitian ini, sebuah kendali kecepatan PID dipadukan dengan ...Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) untuk meningkatkan keandalan pada berbagai kecepatan acuan. Metode cerdas Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) digunakan untuk optimasi dataset ANFIS. Pengujian keandalan dilakukan dengan membandingkan PID konvensional dengan PID-ANFIS pada motor induksi 3 fase berdaya 2HP. Validasi penelitian dilakukan melalui simulasi di platform LabView. PID-ANFIS membuktikan hasil yang jauh lebih baik dari kendali PID konvensional pada berbagai kecepatan acuan. Pemilihan rise time tercepat sebagai fungsi fitness menghasilkan kendali yang memiliki dead time dan rise time 1.5x lebih cepat. PID-ANFIS berhasil menghilangkan undershoot dan osilasi steady state ketika uji kecepatan tinggi.Kata kunci: Kendali Vektor, Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System, Particle Swarm Optimization, LabView ABSTRACTVector control is the best solution in induction motor control to enhance its dynamic character and efficiency. In this research, a PID speed controller is combined with the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) to enhance reliability at various reference speeds. The intelligent method Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is used to optimize the ANFIS dataset. Reliability testing is done by comparing conventional PID with PID-ANFIS on a 2HP 3-phase induction motor. The research validation was carried out through a simulation on the LabView platform. The PID-ANFIS proved significantly better results than conventional PID control at a wide range of reference speeds. Selection of the fastest rise time as a fitness function results in a control that has a dead time and a rise time of 1.5x faster. PID-ANFIS successfully negates undershoot and steadystate oscillations during high-speed tests.Keywords: Vector Control, Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System, Particle Swarm Optimization, LabView
Supramolecular complexes of DNA with cationic polymers are of tremendous importance as these polymers can successfully be used in gene therapy as delivery vectors of genetic material. In this work we ...employ atomistic molecular dynamics simulations to get an insight into the impact of polymer concentration on the structural and electrostatic properties of the complexes of DNA and cationic polymers. Four linear cationic polymers of different chemical structure and protonation state were studied: polyethylenimine (PEI), poly-l-lysine (PLL), polyvinylamine (PVA), and polyallylamine (PAA). For all considered polymers our computational findings clearly demonstrate that increasing the polymer concentration leads to the overcharging of the DNA molecule. This is relevant as the overall positive charge of the DNA-polycation complex is considered to be a prerequisite for efficient binding of the polyplexes to negatively charged cell membranes. However, the concentration effects themselves are found to be sensitive to the chemical structure of a polymer. In particular, flexible PEI chains, being characterized by the high affinity to DNA's phosphate groups, are able to bind to DNA in an independent manner. As a result, DNA and PEIs form compact complexes with the largest cumulative positive charge among all four types of cationic polymers under study. In contrast, PVA chains show the affinity to the major groove of DNA due to the hydrophobic nature of their backbones. This leads to stronger interactions with the DNA molecules and to the competition between PVA chains for DNA binding sites. This competition is responsible for the observed saturation in the PVA-induced neutralizing of the DNA charges when the PVA concentration increases. As for PLL and PAA, both these polycations are found to be less effective in neutralizing the charge of the polyanionic DNA molecules as compared to PEI and PVA. PLL has relatively long side chains, so that some of them cannot access DNA phosphates and reside in aqueous solution. In turn, PAA has a low protonation level, leading to a weak electrostatic binding to DNA. Overall, our findings can relate the properties of supramolecular DNA-polycation complexes at elevated polymer concentrations with the chemical structure of a polycation and therefore can be useful for the development of novel, highly efficient polycation-based delivery vectors of DNA.
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•Atomistic computer simulations are employed to study DNA-polycation complexes.•Four different types of cationic polymers are considered.•The effects of polymer concentration on the complexes are explored.•Increasing the polycation concentration leads to the overcharging of DNA.•The concentration effects are sensitive to the chemical structure of polycations.
The cultivated potato is tetraploid with four probably equivalent loci for each gene. A potato variety is furthermore commonly genetically heterogeneous and selected based on a beneficial genetic ...context which is maintained by clonal propagation. When introducing genetic changes by genome editing it is then desirable to achieve edits in all four loci for a certain gene target. This is in order to avoid crosses to achieve homozygosity for edited gene loci and at the same time reduce risk of inbreeding depression. In such a context transient transfection of protoplasts for the introduction of mutations, avoiding stable insertion of foreign DNA, would be very attractive. The protocol of this chapter has been shown to be applicable for the introduction of mutations by DNA vectors containing expression cassettes of TALEN, Cas9, and Cas9 deaminase fusions together with sgRNA expression cassettes on either single or separate vectors. Furthermore, the protoplast-based system has been shown to work very efficiently for mutations introduced by in vitro-produced and transfected RNP (ribonucleoprotein) complexes.
Open Source GIS Mitasova, Helena; Neteler, Markus
2008, 2007
eBook
With this third edition of Open Source GIS: A GRASS GIS Approach, we enter the new era of GRASS6, the first release that includes substantial new code developed by the International GRASS Development ...Team. The dramatic growth in open source software libraries has made the GRASS6 development more efficient, and has enhanced GRASS interoperability with a wide range of open source and proprietary geospatial tools. Thoroughly updated with material related to the GRASS6, the third edition includes new sections on attribute database management and SQL support, vector networks analysis, lidar data processing and new graphical user interfaces. All chapters were updated with numerous practical examples using the first release of a comprehensive, state-of-the-art geospatial data set.
Malaria merupakan penyakit yang disebabkan oleh parasit plasmodium yang ditularkan kepada manusia melalui gigitan nyamuk Anopheles Sp. betina yang terinfeksi. Metode dalam pengabdian ini menggunakan ...metode ceramah dan pelaksanaan kegiatan fogging/pengasapan. Ceramah meliputi tentang kajian, penyebab, cara penularan, pencegahan dan pengendalian malaria. Selanjutnya, kegiatan fogging/pengasapan dilakukan sebagai upaya pengendalian vektor. Metode ini merupakan pencegahan dini penyakit berbahaya yang biasanya muncul setelah musim hujan, dimana akan mengakibatkan air tergenang dan nyamuk dengan mudah berkembang biak. Berdasarkan hasil evaluasi, terdapat peningkatan pengetahuan dan pemahaman peserta penyuluhan sebesar 16,49% setelah terpapar materi yang disampaikan. Kegiatan dinilai oleh peserta dengan presentasi nilai rata-rata sebesar 83,86% atau berada pada kategori baik. Materi yang telah disampaikan, diharapkan dapat diinformasikan juga kepada Masyarakat lain yang ada di wilayah tersebut agar bisa bermanfaat bagi masyarakat luas, juga kegiatan dapat dilaksananakan secara rutin dan dilanjutkan kembali dengan materi seperti survei jentik serta manfaat penggunaan kelambu berinsektisida bagi kader/Masyarakat.
CRISPR-Cas9 system is one sequence-specific nuclease (SSN) that has several advantages over zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) and transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN), such as multiplex ...genome editing. With multiplex genome editing, CRISPR-Cas9 becomes a preferred SSN to edit many quantitative trait loci (QTL) simultaneously for trait improvement in major crops. A multiplexed CRISPR system is also important for deletion of a large fragment within a chromosome, analysis of the function of gene families, exon exchange, gene activation, and repression. Therefore, assembly of several single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) into one binary vector is the main step in multigene editing by CRISPR-Cas9. Different vector construction methods have been practiced including Golden Gate assembly. This chapter provides a detailed protocol for the construction of a T-DNA binary vector for expressing Cas9 and three sgRNAs for simultaneous targeting of three QTL genes for improving seed trait in rice.
Perkembangan Sistem Pendidikan Jarak Jauh ( Distance Learning) di indonesia tidak lepas dari dukungan sarana dan prasarana yang semakin baik. Salah satu bagian yang berperan dalam Distance learning ...adalah computer based e-testing atau ujian yang berbantukan komputer. Pada dasarnya konsep ujian essay menggunakan sistem temu kembali informasi model ruang vektor dibuat menyerupai konsep ujian essay manual. Jawaban yang diberikan oleh pengguna akan dibandingkan Similarity Coefficient (kesamaan) nya dengan jawaban yang sudah dimasukkan penguji. Cara untuk menentukan nilai Similarity Coefficient adalah dengan menggunakan model ruang vektor yaitu soal dan jawaban tersebut di umpamakan sebagai vektor sehingga diketahui nilai term frequency (tf) dan inverse term frequency (idf) , dari nilai tf dan idf-nya barulah dapat diketahui nilai Similarity Coefficient (SC).Dari hasil pengujian yang dilakukan dapat disimpulkan bahwa dalam sistem Ujian Essay sistem hanya mampu menilai kebenaran jawaban berdasarkan kata yang sama yang terdapat dalam jawaban referensi, Urutan kata dalam jawaban tidak berpengaruh terhadap penilaian dalam Ujian Essay, Semakin panjang jawaban referensi maka ketelitian sistem akan semakin tinggi begitu juga sebaliknya. Akurasi yang dihasilkan oleh sistem sekitar 75 % - 89 % dengan rata – rata kesalahan 17%.
► We introduce a new vector system for production and secretion of recombinant proteins with C. reinhardtii. ► Nuclear transformants from two host cell lines were generated. ► Production efficiency ...was assessed and recombinant protein purification demonstrated.
Microalgae are diverse photosynthetic microbes which offer the potential for production of a number of high value products (HVP) such as pigments, oils, and bio-active compounds. Fast growth rates, ease of photo-autotrophic cultivation, unique metabolic properties and continuing progress in algal transgenics have raised interest in the use of microalgae systems for recombinant protein (RP) production. This work demonstrates the development of an advanced RP production and secretion system for the green unicellular model alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. We generated a versatile expression vector that employs the secretion signal of the native extracellular C. reinhardtii carbonic anhydrase for efficient RP secretion into the culture medium. Unique restriction sites were placed between the regulatory elements to allow fast and easy sub-cloning of sequences of interest. Positive transformants can rapidly be identified by high-throughput plate-level screens via a coupled Gaussia luciferase marker. The vector was tested in Chlamydomonas wild type CC-1883 (WT) and in the transgene expression transformant UVM4. Compared to the native secretion signal of the Gaussia luciferase, up to 84% higher RP production could be achieved. With this new expression system we could generate transformants that express up to 10mg RP per liter culture without further optimization. The target RP is found exclusively in culture medium and can therefore easily be isolated and purified. We conclude that this new expression system will be a valuable tool for many heterologous protein expression applications from C. reinhardtii in the future.
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