Nonwoven polypropylene and cotton fabrics were subjected to plasma pretreatment followed by flash evaporation and radiation crosslinking acrylate polymer coating, which is based on a vacuum ...deposition, solvent free, process that produces high quality, uniform fabrics with various thicknesses (0.05-5.0 μm). These treated fabrics were then dipped into chitosan, carboxymethyl chitosan, and carboxymethyl chitin solution. These polysaccharides form strong complexes with the modified surface. The antimicrobial activity of these treated samples was then evaluated for their antifungal and antibacterial properties. The antifungal activity for Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, Verticillium albo-atrum, and Alternaria solani (A. alternata) were examined by the disc plate method. The antibacterial activities of the modified fabrics against Clavibacter michiganensis and Pseudomonas solanacearum were also examined by the viable cell counting method. The inhibition zone of the chitosan covered samples has increased by a factor of 2-3.1 over the original pretreated samples. The chitosan-modified fabrics showed a good antibacterial activity in killing almost 10⁵ cells/mL within 18-23 h.
Verticillium wilt, caused by the soil borne fungal pathogen Verticillium albo-atrum, is a serious threat to hop (Humulus lupulus L.) production in several hop-growing regions. A proteomic approach ...was applied to analyse the response of root tissue in compatible and incompatible interactions between hop and V. albo-atrum at 10, 20 and 30 days after inoculation, using two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) coupled with de novo sequencing of derivatized peptides. Approximately 1200 reproducible spots were detected on the gels, of which 102 were identified. In the compatible interaction, 252 spots showed infection-specific changes in spot abundance and an accumulation of defence-related proteins, such as chitinase, β-glucanase, thaumatin-like protein, peroxidase and germin-like protein, was observed. However, no significant infection-specific changes were detected in the incompatible interaction. The results indicate that resistance in this pathosystem may be conferred by constitutive rather than induced defence mechanisms. The identification and high abundance of two mannose/glucose-specific lectin isoforms present only in the roots of the resistant cultivar suggests function of lectins in hop resistance against V. albo-atrum.
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•A proteomic approach was used in studies of the hop-Verticillium pathosystem.•De novo peptide sequencing proved useful in hop with limited genomic resources.•No induced response was detected in the incompatible interaction.•A novel candidate protein that may be implicated in resistance was identified.
The chemical composition of the essential oil isolated from the aerial parts of
Hypericum linarioides Bosse by hydrodistillation was analysed by GC–MS. It was determined that 74 compounds, which ...represent 84.1% of total oil, were present in the oil. The oil contains mainly δ-cadinene (6.9%), (
Z)-β-farnesene (5.2%), γ-muurolene (5.5%), spathulenol (4.8%), hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (4.5%) and α-selinene (4.0%). The oil was also characterized by high content of sesquiterpenes (64.2% of total oil). The oil was tested for antifungal activity using mycelial growth inhibition assays (in vitro) against 11 agricultural pathogenic fungi, which consisted of six
Fusarium species (
Fusarium acuminatum,
Fusarium culmorum,
Fusarium equiseti,
Fusarium oxysporum,
Fusarium sambucinum and
Fusarium solani) and three anastomosis groups of
Rhizoctonia solani (AG-5, AG-9 and AG-11),
Alternaria solani and
Verticillium albo-atrum. The oil of
H. linarioides showed antifungal activity against AG-9 and
V. albo-atrum. In addition, petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone and methanol extracts of
H. linarioides were tested against species of 11 fungi. The extracts showed moderate inhibition effects on the growth of
A. solani,
F. culmorum,
F. equiseti and all anastomosis groups of
R. solani.
We have characterized the bisegmented genome of a novel double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus isolated from the plant pathogenic fungus Verticillium albo-atrum. We determined that its larger segment ...(dsRNA1) was 1747 base pairs in length and potentially encoded an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of 539 amino acids, whereas the smaller segment (dsRNA2) was 1517 base pairs long and was predicted to encode a capsid protein of 435 amino acids. Homology searches and phylogenetic analysis confirmed that, as expected from its dsRNA banding profile, the identified virus was a new member of the family Partitiviridae, and we have therefore designated it V. a lbo- a trum partitivirus 1 (VaaPV1). This is the first report of a mycovirus identified in V. albo-atrum.
The conclusions of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) following the peer review of the initial risk assessments carried out by the competent authority of the rapporteur Member State, The ...Netherlands, for the pesticide active substance Verticillium albo‐atrum (strain WCS850) are reported. The context of the peer review was that required by Commission Regulation (EC) No 2229/2004, as amended by Commission Regulation (EC) No 1095/2007. The conclusions were reached on the basis of the evaluation of the representative use of Verticillium albo‐atrum as an elicitor of the elm tree's self‐defence mechanism against Dutch elm disease. The reliable endpoints concluded as being appropriate for use in regulatory risk assessment, derived from the available studies and literature in the dossier peer reviewed, are presented.
Tree-of-Heaven (TOH) is a highly invasive woody species incurring substantial investment in control efforts across its extensive adventive range. A recently isolated strain of the fungus
Verticillium ...albo
-
atrum
has been found to cause near 100 % mortality of TOH in laboratory and field tests. We assessed plant communities in experimentally infected TOH stands 5–6 years post treatment and compared them to uninfected control stands. We found no statistically significant differences in introduced or native species cover between treated and control stands. Healthy TOH stands often harbor substantial populations of native and introduced invasive species, and on average, successful control of overstory TOH by
V. albo
-
atrum
did not alter vegetation cover in these communities.
V. albo
-
atrum
appears to be a promising tool in targeted control of TOH that carries a relatively low risk of opportunistic weed replacement.
The conclusions of EFSA following the peer review of the initial risk assessments carried out by the competent authorities of the rapporteur Member State Sweden and co‐rapporteur Member State ...the Netherlands for the pesticide active substance Verticillium albo‐atrum strain WCS850 are reported. The context of the peer review was that required by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 844/2012. The conclusions were reached on the basis of the evaluation of the representative use of Verticillium albo‐atrum strain WCS850 as a fungicide on elm trees. The reliable end points, appropriate for use in regulatory risk assessment, are presented. Missing information identified as being required by the regulatory framework is listed.
The effect of different soil amendments and biological control agents on soil-borne root diseases that cause significant economic losses in organic and other soil-based tomato production systems ...(Pyrenochaeta lycopersici and Verticillium albo-atrum) was compared. Organic matter inputs (fresh Brassica tissue, household waste compost and composted cow manure) significantly reduced soil-borne disease severity (measured as increased root fresh weight) and/or increased tomato fruit yield, with some treatments also increasing fruit number and/or size. Soil biological activity also increased with increasing organic matter input levels and there were significant positive correlations between soil biological activity, root fresh weight and fruit yield. This indicates that one mechanism of soil-borne disease control by organic matter input may be increased competition by the soil biota. Chitin/chitosan products also significantly reduced soil-borne disease incidence and increased tomato fruit yield, number and/or size, but had no effect on soil biological activity. Biological control products based on Bacillus subtilis and Pythium oligandrum and commercial seaweed extract (Marinure) and fish emulsion (Nugro)-based liquid fertilisers had no positive effect on soil-borne disease incidence and fruit yield, number and size. The use of 'suppressive' organic matter inputs alone or in combination with chitin/chitosan soil amendments can therefore be recommended as methods to control soil-borne diseases in organic and other soil-based production systems.
Extensive, unprecedented wilt and mortality of the highly invasive tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima) occurred recently within mixed-hardwood forests in south-central Pennsylvania. Until this ...study, the cause of the epidemic was unknown. Verticillium albo-atrum was consistently isolated from symptomatic Ailanthus seedlings and trees in areas having high levels of mortality, whereas V. dahliae was isolated from small scattered patches of diseased Ailanthus. Inoculations of potted Ailanthus seedlings in the greenhouse, as well as canopy trees in the field, revealed that both V. albo-atrum and V. dahliae were capable of infecting Ailanthus, but V. albo-atrum was more pathogenic. All Ailanthus seedlings and canopy trees inoculated with V. albo-atrum died within 3 months. In contrast, Ailanthus seedlings and canopy trees inoculated with V. dahliae became symptomatic, but 84% were still living 1 year following inoculation. We conclude that the major cause of Ailanthus wilt within forests of south-central Pennsylvania is V. albo-atrum. Pending further studies, including risk analysis, V. albo-atrum may be considered as a possible biocontrol agent for invasive Ailanthus.
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