The structure of copper complexes in copper amine treated wood samples were elucidated by the application of electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR). EPR axial spectra were observed for ...all Cu-amine treated samples irrespective of the formulations. The values of A∥ and g∥ of the axial spectra indicate that the stereo-structure of copper complexes in copper amine treated wood was either tetragonal-based octahedral or square-based pyramidal. Comparison of electronic parameters of A∥ and g∥ in Cu-amine treated wood with those of the Cu-amine treating solution and the values in literature suggests that the interaction of wood with copper amine is through complexation in which wood functional groups are complexed with copper amine perpendicularly. The copper complexes in both treating solution and treated wood are in the form of CuN2O2, where copper is ligated with 2 nitrogen and 2 oxygen.
In contrast to exterior materials, house interior materials are not directly exposed to rain and only receive the sunlight that penetrates through window glass. Recently, various kinds of ...double-glass panes have often been used for windows in Japanese houses in place of a conventional single-plate glass. Wavelength and irradiance of transmitted light vary greatly according to the kind of window glasses. Therefore, to establish a method of evaluating the photo-stability properties of interior materials, we designed a new accelerating-test apparatus with a metal halide lamp as the light source and a pane of glass between the lamp and the samples. Both the spectrum of transmitted sunlight through glasses and that of transmitted light in this apparatus were measured. With respect to the spectrum of transmitted sunlight through glasses, the irradiance decreased especially in the low wavelength of the ultraviolet range, in the order of single glass, double glass, low emissivity double glass, solar reflection double glass, and laminated solar reflection double glass. On the other hand, the spectrum of transmitted light in this apparatus showed similar changes, especially in the ultraviolet range. These results prove that the apparatus is effective in the evaluation of the photo-stability propertics of house interior materials.
This study determined the field performance of simulated house sill plates (dodai) subjected to termite attack and decay. Hem-fir sill plates were pressure-treated to two levels of retention of ...disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (Tim-Bor sub(R)) targeted at 2% (w/w) and 3% (w/w) boric acid equivalent, applying both shell- and through-treatment. These were installed in a protected aboveground field test in Kagoshima, Japan, simulating the house sill plate used in conventional Japanese housing construction. Chromated copper arsenate treated hem-fir was used as the reference material, and locally used hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl.) sill plates were also installed in the test. The test site supports active subterranean termites, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki and Reticulitermes speratus (Kolbe). Samples were inspected annually and rated for both termite and decay damage. After 5 years untreated hem-fir controls and hinoki were most heavily attacked by termites and incipient decay signs were noticed on some untreated controls, while exceptionally only two samples of the treated materials sustained traces of termite attack. All preservatives of the current study, therefore, protected the sill plates. Based on comparisons with end-matched samples installed in a test site in Hawaii, where attack of controls appears to be up to 10 times faster, the data suggest these treatments would provide long-term protection of sill plates from termite and decay attack.
A laboratory study was conducted to assess the effect of borate pressure treated lumber on non-wood-feeding pests. It was found that the current AWPA C31 standard for borate retention at Formosan ...termite control levels provided excellent control of the Blattella germanica cockroach, with 98.3 percent control after 28 weeks of exposure.
Eastern larch or tamarack (Larix laricina (du Roi) K. Koch) lumber from New Brunswick was evaluated for heartwood natural durability by laboratory decay tests and for preservative treatability with ...chromated copper arsenate (CCA-C) and ammoniacal copper arsenate (ACA). The CCA fixation and leaching characteristics of tamarack sapwood and heartwood were also evaluated. The natural durability of tamarack heartwood exposed to two brown-rot fungi, Gloeophyllum trabeum and Postia placenta, was moderate to low and generally inferior to that of heartwood of spruce (Picea spp.) and white pine (Pinus strobus L.) and similar to that of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) sapwood and heartwood. The decay resistance of tamarack was variable, and not related to extractive content. CCA-C penetration into both sapwood and heartwood was poor. ACA fully penetrated the sapwood, but penetrated the heartwood only marginally better than the CCA-C. The rate of CCA fixation, as defined by rate of reduction of hexavalent chromium varied greatly between sapwood and heartwood and between different heartwood samples. Heartwood fixed much faster than sapwood, averaging 2 to 3 days at 21 degrees C and 5 to 6 hours at 50 degrees C as compared to 15 to 20 days and 30 to 35 hours, respectively, for sapwood. The fixation rate was directly related to the hot water soluble extractive content of the wood. The quality of fixation, as defined by resistance to leaching of the CCA components, was much lower for the faster reacting heartwood. The combination of poor penetration and low CCA stability in tamarack heartwood suggests that this preservative is not appropriate for this species.
Evaluation of area contaminated by wood treatment activities: Genetic markers in the environment and in the child population Coronas, Mariana Vieira; Jocelita Aparecida Vaz RochaauthorPrograma de Pesquisas Ambientais, Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental Henrique LuÃs Roessler (FEPAM), Rua Doutor Salvador França, 1707, 90690-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Daisy Maria Favero SalvadoriauthorDepartamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESPâUniversidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil ...
2015
Journal Article
