A special impact on the evolution of globalization was produced by the Covid-19 Pandemic that redefined priorities, limited the use of global value chains, discussed the safety of continuing economic ...activities and reduced the absolutization of profit maximization. The article presents the systemic changes in the world economy with a focus on the world market of lithium as a result of the manifestation of a global phenomena.
This article reviews and assesses the outcome of the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP-21) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), held in Paris in December 2015. It ...argues that the Paris Agreement breaks new ground in international climate policy, by acknowledging the primacy of domestic politics in climate change and allowing countries to set their own level of ambition for climate change mitigation. It creates a framework for making voluntary pledges that can be compared and reviewed internationally, in the hope that global ambition can be increased through a process of 'naming and shaming'. By sidestepping distributional conflicts, the Paris Agreement manages to remove one of the biggest barriers to international climate cooperation. It recognizes that none of the major powers can be forced into drastic emissions cuts. However, instead of leaving mitigation efforts to an entirely bottom-up logic, it embeds country pledges in an international system of climate accountability and a 'ratchet mechanism', thus offering the chance of more durable international cooperation. At the same time, it is far from clear whether the treaty can actually deliver on the urgent need to de-carbonize the global economy. The past record of climate policies suggests that governments have a tendency to express lofty aspirations but avoid tough decisions. For the Paris Agreement to make a difference, the new logic of 'pledge and review' will need to mobilize international and domestic pressure and generate political momentum behind more substantial climate policies world-wide. It matters, therefore, whether the Paris Agreement's new approach can be made to work.
The world economic crisis that began in 2007 is a phenomenon comparable only to the crisis of 1929. The depth of the crisis, which is still ongoing, is hidden by state interventions and its effects ...are more visible on the employment side in relation to the fall in the gross social product (GDP). The costs of the crisis are enormous and are reflected in the lost GDP growth, in the tremendous growth of public debts and the huge monetary expansion, the consequences of which are not clearly visible for now. Developed countries are re-examining the prevailing monetary practice and showing much greater tolerance towards inflation than at any time in the past three decades. The introduction of stronger financial regulation is underway, especially in the countries of the European Union. There is no agreement on the world stage regarding the degree of control that should be introduced in the financial sphere, and developing countries are always much more vulnerable in financial crises because they cannot be financed by printing money. The risk of crisis is more clearly seen through the current balance deficit and the level of external debt, than through the level of the budget deficit and the level of public debt.
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