Xenophobia Ahmed M. Salih
Majallat al-ādāb,
05/2019, Volume:
1, Issue:
116
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
To treat foreigners nicely or nastily is attributed to traditions and norms of host society because some societies are friendly, others are not. The bad attitudes towards outsiders are expressed in ...forms of either physical or verbal behaviour. Various motivations encourage native citizens to create images to label non-natives or outsiders. Continuous contact and education can bridge the gap between the two groups. Also, they develop positive and mutual understand that might help them to work for the good of all and live peacefully. It is the responsibility of governments and individuals of society to work hard to dispel fears of foreigners especially in places where violence is expected to happen. This paper tries to lay an outline (model) for the phenomenon of xenophobia in language so that definition, classification, motivations, and lists of xenophobic expressions are presented. It is hypothesized that certain factors are behind generating hostility and xenophobic expressions in society. Additionally, attitudes can be changed to create an appropriate and suitable environment for society members.
This thesis uncovers and studies determinants of economic decision making and political attitudes that have so far received little attention in economics. It focuses on three factors - social image ...concerns, moral values and sexual competition - all of which are shown to be relevant for the functioning of communities. The first chapter studies whether public shaming played a role in men's decision to join the British Army during World War I by exploiting a natural experiment. At the beginning of the war, young girls would hand out white feathers to men not in uniform in an attempt to shame them as cowards. The chapter shows that this shaming strategy had an effect on recruitment numbers suggesting that social image concerns can induce costly altruistic behavior that benefits the group. Whereas the first chapter studies a factor inducing cooperation in societies, the second and the third chapter look at two different factors which can explain social and political disagreement. The second chapter explores how moral values shape beliefs about facts based on results from an online experiment. It shows how the salience of the moral dimension of a political debate increases polarization in beliefs between people on the left and the right of the political spectrum. The third chapter looks at the consequences a skewed sex ratio can have on the political preferences and xenophobic attitudes of young men. We hypothesize that in environments where male-male competition for female partners is high, the frustration from being single and concerns about status and male identity are more severe and can foster out-group hatred. Using observational data for Germany, this chapter provides evidence that in areas which have a significant surplus of men people are more likely to hold xenophobic attitudes and vote for right-wing extremist parties.
The trajectory of the writer and critic Camille Mauclair (1872-1945) was marked by two ruptures: having begun his career within the internationalized avant-gardes, oriented toward Symbolism and ...Anarchism, he moved away from these circles at the turn of the century. Indeed, the crisis that Symbolism and Anarchism underwent during these years led Mauclair toward Neo-Classicism. To his new esthetic vision was added, during the Great War, a nationalist positioning that led him to virulent xenophobia in the interwar period. Foreign artists were henceforth denounced by Mauclair as being the cause of France's so-called cultural decadence. The turnaround in Mauclair's esthetic and political vision reflects the "return to order" tendencies that grew stronger in French culture from the end of the nineteenth century, attaining their summit during World War II. The propagation of these tendencies was largely due to the influence that the esthetic and ideological reflections of Charles Maurras exerted in intellectual circles. Keywords * collaboration, exoticism, Charles Maurras, nationalism, pan-Latinism, Third Republic, World War I, World War II La trajectoire de l'ecrivain et critique Camille Mauclair (1872-1945) fut marquee par deux ruptures: ayant commence sa carriere au sein des avant-gardes internationalisees, orientees vers le symbolisme et l'anarchisme, il s'eloigna de ces milieux au tournant du siecle. En effet, la crise subie par le symbolisme et l'anarchisme durant ces annees amena Mauclair vers le neo-classicisme. A cette nouvelle vision esthetique s'ajouta, durant la Grande Guerre, un positionnement nationaliste qui deboucha, dans l'entre-deux-guerres, sur une xenophobie virulente. Des lors, les artistes etrangers furent etiquetes par Mauclair comme les responsables d'une pretendue decadence culturelle de la France. Le revirement esthetique et politique de Mauclair reflete les tendances de "retour a l'ordre," qui se renforcaient dans la culture francaise depuis la fin du dix-neuvieme siecle et atteignirent leur sommet durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. La propagation de ces tendances etait due, en grande partie, a l'influence que la reflexion esthetique et ideologique de Charles Maurras exercait dans les milieux intellectuels. Mots-cles * collaboration, exotisme, Charles Maurras, nationalisme, panlatinite, Premiere Guerre mondiale, Seconde Guerre mondiale, Troisieme Republique
In response to the Ebola scare in 2014, many people evinced strong fear and xenophobia. The present study, informed by the pathogen-prevalence hypothesis, tested the influence of individualism and ...collectivism on xenophobic response to the threat of Ebola. A nationally representative sample of 1,000 Americans completed a survey, indicating their perceptions of their vulnerability to Ebola, ability to protect themselves from Ebola (protection efficacy), and xenophobic tendencies. Overall, the more vulnerable people felt, the more they exhibited xenophobic responses, but this relationship was moderated by individualism and collectivism. The increase in xenophobia associated with increased vulnerability was especially pronounced among people with high individualism scores and those with low collectivism scores. These relationships were mediated by protection efficacy. State-level collectivism had the same moderating effect on the association between perceived vulnerability and xenophobia that individual-level value orientation did. Collectivism—and the set of practices and rituals associated with collectivistic cultures—may serve as psychological protection against the threat of disease.
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has fueled xenophobia against Chinese Americans. We examined the rates of 6 types of COVID-19 racism and racial discrimination experienced by Chinese ...American parents and youth and the associations with their mental health.
We recruited a population-based sample of Chinese American families to participate in this self-reported survey study conducted from March 14, 2020, to May 31, 2020. Eligible parent participants identified as ethnically/racially Chinese, lived in the United States, and had a 4- to 18-year-old child; their eligible children were 10 to 18 years old.
The sample included 543 Chinese American parents (mean SD age, 43.44 6.47 years; 425 mothers 78.3%), and their children (
= 230; mean SD age, 13.83 2.53 years; 111 girls 48.3%). Nearly half of parents and youth reported being directly targeted by COVID-19 racial discrimination online (parents: 172 31.7%; youth: 105 45.7%) and/or in person (parents: 276 50.9%; youth: 115 50.2%). A total of 417 (76.8%) parents and 176 (76.5%) youth reported at least 1 incident of COVID-19 vicarious racial discrimination online and/or in person (parents: 481 88.5%; youth: 211 91.9%). A total of 267 (49.1%) parents and 164 (71.1%) youth perceived health-related Sinophobia in America, and 274 (50.4%) parents and 129 (56.0%) youth perceived media-perpetuated Sinophobia. Higher levels of parent- and youth-perceived racism and racial discrimination were associated with their poorer mental health.
Health care professionals must attend to the racism-related experiences and mental health needs of Chinese Americans parents and their children throughout the COVID-19 pandemic via education and making appropriate mental health referrals.
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak caused by SARS-CoV-2 has triggered global panic. We have conducted an anonymous online survey of Asian medical students in Poland to assess whether ...they experience any form of prejudice related to the ongoing pandemic. As demonstrated, the COVID-19 outbreak had triggered xenophobic reactions toward students of Asian-origin (n=85) before the first SARS-CoV-2 case was confirmed in Poland. Facing prejudice, including discrimination related to COVID-19, may add to feelings of isolation of students of Asian origin who study abroad, and affect career development, especially for students. We recommend that universities should proactively develop policies that support students, faculty, and staff affected by discriminatory behavior both during the current outbreak and in the future. However, preventing such behaviors should also be enforced by national authorities
In the eyes of colonial health officials and the drafters of the first International Sanitary Conventions, the spread of cholera and plague was an economic, epidemic, and political risk to the ...long-term stability of the global economy. The particular anxieties over the threat of plague being spread by the free travel of colonised populations drove the colonial administrators in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) to prophesise the potential collapse of the tea industry—and by extension their entire colony. Because trade with Europe was so crucial to the colony, in the late 19th century the colonial administrators endeavoured to sacrifice all trade with India rather than risk the threat of plague arriving with migrant workers from the subcontinent. In one letter between colonial administrators, it was suggested, in a derogatory way, that if even a single person from India or east Asia entered Ceylon without being exposed to sanitary surveillance “there would have been great peril to the Colony for these Coolies being free immediately on landing (in Ceylon) to spread over the island would scatter the seeds of disease as they went”. In a 1945 report accompanying the resolution that ultimately heralded US support for WHO, it stated that: “Particularly in our shrinking world, the spread of disease via airplane or other swift transport across national boundaries gives rise to ever present danger. ...to protect ourselves that we must help wipe out disease everywhere…
With the transformation of Spain into an immigration country, society has become a major change by setting up a social space characterized, increasingly, by cultural, ethnic and religious diversity. ...In this new frame is interesting to investigate the overall value of diversity into the Spanish society. The two aims for of this paper are, on one hand, to process feedback on Spanish opinion on immigration between 1996 and 2007, and, on the other hand, to find out the role of the media in the construction of that opinion. For the first aim, an index of anti-foreigner sentiments was constructed using data provided by the national survey on opinions and attitudes on immigration, published annually by ASEP. For the second, an analysis, using the Agenda-Setting Theory, of articles published on immigration that appeared in the newspapers, <<El Pais>> and <<El Mundo>>. The results show that a negative sentiment towards the outgroup has increased over time. The main variables explaining these trends are a sense of threat, to the population and to identity, and competition for resources and political decisions in integration--legalisation. The media analysis has six dimensions, the main ones refer to the illegality of the phenomenon, linking immigration to crime, and the social integration policies, highlighting the role of the media in creating public opinion. Con la transformacion de Spain desde hace unas decadas en pais de inmigracion, la sociedad ha experimentado un importante cambio configurando un espacio social caracterizado, cada vez mas, por la diversidad cultural, etnica y religiosa. En este escenario novedoso es de gran interes indagar sobre la valoracion que de dicha diversidad tiene la sociedad espanola. El objetivo de este articulo es doble, por un lado, conocer la opinion que tienen los espanoles sobre la inmigracion entre 1996 y 2007. Por otro, comprobar el papel que juegan los medios de comunicacion en la configuracion de ese sentir. Para el primer objetivo se ha construido el indice de sentimiento anti-inmigrante, a partir de los datos ofrecidos por la encuesta nacional sobre opiniones y actitudes ante la inmigracion, administrada, anualmente, por ASEP. Para el segundo, se analizan, utilizando la teoria de la <<Agenda Setting>>, las noticias publicadas por los periodicos <<El Pais>> y <<El Mundo>> sobre inmigracion. Los resultados muestran que el sentimiento negativo hacia el exogrupo se va incrementado con el paso del tiempo. Las principales variables que explican esa tendencia son: el sentimiento de amenaza--poblacional e identitaria--, competencia por los recursos y decisiones politicas en el proceso de integracion--regularizacion--. Del analisis de los medios resultan seis encuadres, los principales hacen referencia a la irregularidad del fenomeno, a la vinculacion inmigracion y delincuencia y a las politicas de integracion social. Por tanto, se pone de manifiesto el papel que juegan los medios de comunicacion a la hora de crear opinion. KEYWORDS / PALABRAS CLAVE Immigrants, xenophobia, communications media, threat, competition, insecurity, media framing. Inmigrantes, xenofobia, medios de comunicacion, amenaza, competencia, inseguridad, encuadre mediatico
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