This project investigates the classic agenda‐setting hypothesis in the context of the Greek cultural market. It is hypothesized that Greek museums with higher visibility in newspaper content are ...related to higher visitation than museums with lower media visibility. Because of the nature of the Greek cultural market—Greece receives more than 10 million tourists during the summer months—several variables are controlled for, such as the seasonality of visitation, the type of governance of the organization, one‐time events, such as the Olympic Games, which took place in the summer of 2004, and promotion initiatives undertaken by museums. When controlling for such culturally specific variables, there is evidence supporting the agenda‐setting hypothesis within the Greek cultural market.
Les effets d’un jeu sérieux sur la prise de rôle et la volonté d’aider
Wei Peng, Mira Lee & Carrie Heeter
Les jeux sérieux apparaissent comme de nouveaux médiums de changement social. Cette étude a exploré l’influence des modes de présentation permis par différents médias sur la volonté d’aider dans le contexte de l’aide humanitaire. Deux expériences en ligne ont été menées. La première a démontré que jouer au jeu « Darfur is Dying » (le Darfour se meurt) a suscité une plus grande prise de rôle et a eu pour résultat une plus grande volonté d’aider les Darfouriens que ne l’a suscité la lecture d’un texte contenant les mêmes informations. La seconde expérience a déconstruit les différents modes de présentation en plus de détails en ajoutant une condition de visionnement du jeu. Des résultats similaires ont été révélés : participer au jeu a suscité plus de prise de rôle et de volonté d’aider que ne l’ont suscité le visionnement du jeu et la lecture d’un texte. Les conséquences pour les chercheurs et pour les développeurs de jeux sont également discutées.
Mots clés : prise de rôle, communication et technologie, ludologie
Mediensichtbarkeit griechischer Museen und Museumsbesuche: Eine Untersuchung zum kulturellen Agenda‐Setting
Philemon Bantimaroudis, Stelios Zyglidopoulos & Pavlos C. Symeou
Das vorliegende Projekt untersucht die klassische Agenda‐Setting‐Hypothese im Kontext des griechischen Kulturmarktes. Wir nehmen an, dass griechische Museen mit stärkerer Präsenz in der Presse höhere Besucherzahlen haben als Museen mit geringerer Medienpräsenz. Aufgrund der Beschaffenheit des Kulturmarktes in Griechenland – Griechenland hat mehr als 10 Millionen Besucher in den Sommermonaten – werden verschiedene Variablen kontrolliert wie die Saisonalität der Besuche, die Art der Verwaltung der Organisation, einmalige Ereignisse wie die Olympischen Spiele, die im Sommer 2004 stattfanden und Werbebemühungen der Museen. Kontrolliert man diese kulturspezifischen Variablen zeigen sich Hinweise, die die Agenda‐Setting‐Hypothese für den Kulturmarkt in Griechenland stützen.
Schlüsselbegriffe: kulturelles Agenda Setting, Werbung für Museen, kulturelles Marketing
La Visibilidad de los Medios de los Museos Griegos y la Visita a los Museos: Una Exploración del Establecimiento de la Agenda
Philemon Bantimaroudis
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Cultural Technology and Communication
University of the Aegean
P.O. Box 108
Mytilene, Greece
Stelios Zyglidopoulos
Lecturer
Judge Business School
University of Cambridge
Trumpington Street
Cambridge, CB 2 1AG, UK
Pavlos C. Symeou
Postdoctoral Fellow
Institute for Communication Economics
Munich School of Management
Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University
Resumen
El proyecto corriente investiga la hipótesis del establecimiento de la agenda clásico en el contexto del mercado cultural Griego. Se hipotetizó que los museos Griegos con alta visibilidad en el contenido de los diarios están relacionados con altas visitas en comparación con los museos de baja visibilidad en los medios. Dada la naturaleza del mercado cultural Griego – Grecia recibe más de 10 millones de turistas durante los meses de verano– numerosas variables fueron controladas, tales como la visita de estación, el tipo de gobierno de la organización, eventos únicos, tales como los Juegos Olímpicos que se llevaron a cabo en el verano del 2004, y las iniciativas de promoción emprendidas por los museos. Cuando controlados por esas variables específicas, hubo evidencia que apoyó la hipótesis del establecimiento de la agenda dentro del mercado cultural Griego.
Palabras Claves: Establecimiento de la Agenda Cultural, Promoción de Museos, Mercadotecnia Cultural
Cells of hematopoietic origin express high levels of the immunoproteasome, a cytokine‐inducible proteasome variant comprising the proteolytic subunits LMP2 (β1i), MECL‐1 (β2i), and LMP7 (β5i). ...Targeting the immunoproteasome in pre‐clinical models of autoimmune diseases with the epoxyketone inhibitor ONX 0914 has proven to be effective. ONX 0914 was previously described as a selective LMP7 inhibitor. Here, we show that PRN1126, developed as an exclusively LMP7‐specific inhibitor, has limited effects on IL‐6 secretion, experimental colitis, and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We demonstrate that prolonged exposure of cells with ONX 0914 leads to inhibition of both LMP7 and LMP2. Co‐inhibition of LMP7 and LMP2 with PRN1126 and LMP2 inhibitors LU‐001i or ML604440 impairs MHC class I cell surface expression, IL‐6 secretion, and differentiation of naïve T helper cells to T helper 17 cells, and strongly ameliorates disease in experimental colitis and EAE. Hence, co‐inhibition of LMP2 and LMP7 appears to be synergistic and advantageous for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
Synopsis
Simultaneous targeting of the immunoproteasome subunits LMP2 and LMP7 is required for optimal therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of autoimmunity. These findings will promote the design of novel immunoproteasome inhibitors with optimal therapeutic efficacy.
Simultaneously targeting the immunoproteasome subunits LMP2 and LMP7 blocks autoimmunity.
Co‐inhibition of LMP2 and LMP7 is required to reduce MHC‐I surface expression, IL‐ 6 production, and Th17 differentiation.
Co‐inhibition strongly ameliorates disease phenotypes of experimental colitis and EAE.
Simultaneous targeting of the immunoproteasome subunits LMP2 and LMP7 is required for optimal therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of autoimmunity. These findings will promote the design of novel immunoproteasome inhibitors with optimal therapeutic efficacy.
Recently, hammerhead ribozyme (HHR) motifs have been utilized as powerful tools for gene regulation. Here we present a novel design of expanded full-length HHRs that allows attaching additional ...functionalities to the ribozyme. These features allowed us to construct a very efficient artificial riboswitch in bacteria. Following the design of naturally occurring three-way junctions we attached an additional helix (IV) to stem I of the HHR while maintaining very fast cleavage rates. We found that the cleavage activity strongly depends on the exact design of the junction site. Incorporation of the novel ribozyme scaffold into a bacterial mRNA allowed the control of gene expression mediated by autocatalytic cleavage of the ribozyme. Appending an aptamer to the newly introduced stem enabled the identification of very powerful theophylline-inducible RNA switches by in vivo screening. Further investigations revealed a cascading system operating beyond the ribozyme-dependent mechanism. In conclusion, we extended the hammerhead toolbox for synthetic biology applications by providing an additional position for the attachment of regulatory modules for in vivo control of gene expression.
Morphologically intact and osmotically active vacuoles were isolated from root storage tissue of the red beet Beta vulgaris L., and the factors influencing both yield and stability of the vacuoles ...were determined. Successful isolation depended upon slicing the tissue in an apparatus specifically designed to cut open plant cells without the use of high shear forces and to liberate cellular organelles into an undisturbed reservoir of osmoticum. The resulting brei was centrifuged at 2,000g for 10 min to yield a pellet which contained many vacuoles but which also contained tissue fragments, nuclei, mitochondria, and plastids. The vacuoles were further purified by accelerated flotation through a Metrizamide step gradient. Biochemical assays, light microscopy, and electron microscopy confirmed that there was only trace contamination of the final vacuole preparation by other organelles. Isolated vacuoles were intact and retained their in vivo coloration.
This article uses Chinese sources to argue that a range of gunpowder weapons was already in use in China during the late tenth and early eleventh centuries, earlier than previously thought. ‘True ...firearms’, that is cannon or guns firing solid projectiles, had quite probably been developed by at least as early as 1200 ce.
Macaulay's division of the manuscripts into three "recensions," with subdivisions bringing the total number to six, is misleading, and completely misleading if it is designed to suggest a scheme of ...the evolutionary development of the poem in the fashion of his day. The most mischievous consequence of Macaulay's divisions of the manuscripts into successive recensions (first, second, third) is that it implies that the affiliations that a manuscript displays have necessarily anything to do with the date of production of that manuscript. Even when "revising" the ending, in passages about the state of the nation and Gower's "farewell to earthly love" from the pre-Fairfax version, Gower mostly lifted chunks from the latter and patched them together with linking passages in the revision.7 In addition, in Fairfax MS 3 especially, but also in Bodleian MS Bodley 902 and a few other manuscripts, he composed new passages of verse four or more lines long to enable the text to be manipulated to accommodate the fine decorative initials that were placed at the beginnings of books at the head of the text column, where they could be most advantageously displayed.8 Text becomes textile, like cloth, cut to measure by the yard. In particular (and in the process undermining his theory of recensions), he makes clear what an unusual amount of shifting there was between manuscript exemplars of the Confessio during the process of copying.9 This was one of the results of the rapid expansion in London of commercial copying of the "new metropolitan English literature" (Chaucer, Gower, Langland) in the first quarter of the fifteenth century, with exemplars of the Confessio being passed around and shared between scribes, limners, bookbinders, and stationers, not on the same premises but working cooperatively in the neighborhood of the Guildhall and Paternoster Row, both just north of St. Paul's.10 The Confessio was the "must-have" book of the age for those who could afford it, combining fine loving with high moralizing and with information on history, science, and astronomy, capable of being turned out in large and handsome volumes decorated to order. The practice of distributing a single exemplar simultaneously to five or six scribes is perhaps an example of the impact of this same explosion of demand, as with Confessio manuscripts in Cambridge University Library MS Mm.2.21, Cambridge, Trinity College MS R.3.2, and Cologny, Switzerland, Fondation Martin Bodmer MS CB 178.11 Inevitably, a single manuscript might evince text from different exemplars, and as a result of that, affiliations become very difficult to determine.
Language Regard Evans, Betsy E; Benson, Erica J; Stanford, James N
01/2018
eBook
Bringing together a team of renowned international scholars, this volume provides a wide-ranging collection of historical and state-of-the-art perspectives on language regard, particularly in the ...context of language variation and language change, and importantly, highlights the range of new methodologies being used by linguists to explore and evaluate it. The importance of language regard to the inquiry of language variation and change in the field of sociolinguistics is increasingly being recognized, yet misunderstandings about its nature and importance continue to exist. This volume provides scholars and students of sociolinguistics, with the tools and theory to pursue such inquiry. Contributions and research come from Europe, North America, and Asia, and language varieties such as Spanish, Dutch, Danish, and American Sign Language are discussed.
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