The essay analyses the hitherto unexamined role of women in the historical scholarship of the first generation of the Annales, starting with Lucie Varga’s work and the unpaid assistance given to the publication by Simone Vidal Bloch and Suzanne Dognon Febvre. It then explores the education and careers of women somehow connected to the Annales from its founding in 1929 through World War II: the two who contributed articles (the historian-ethnographer Lucie Varga and the economic-historian Thérèse Sclafert); those whose books were reviewed or served as reviewers (the economic historian Yvonne Bézard, the linguist-mythographer Marie-Louise Sjœstedt; the Egyptologist Germaine Rouillard); and the Renaissance scholar Eugénie Droz, who published one of Febvre’s books. The École pratique des hautes études turns out to be a welcoming setting for women’s higher education. Yet, rather than university posts, they established careers as a librarian, archivist, publisher, or professor to women at Sèvres. The essay concludes with a consideration about the intellectual tributes paid in their works by Lucien Febvre and Frank Borkenau to their spouses, Lucie Varga and Suzanne Dognon.