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  • CITIZENSHIP IN EUROPEAN CIT...
    Penninx, Rinus; Kraal, Karen; Martiniello, Marco; Vertovec, Steven

    01/2004
    Book Chapter

    A volume in the series Research in Migration and Ethnic Relations (Series Ed. Maykel Verkuyten), explores the effects of immigration policies on the social integration & political participation of immigrants living in European cities. Discusses how ethnic minorities have created their own 'citizenship from below,' by participating in local civil society as a means to improve their lives & defend themselves against discrimination.