Chemical polishing of metals with nanostructured media, such as water-in-oil (w/o) microemulsions, is of interest for improving the procedure of polishing metals with concentrated acids because the etchant (acid) concentration in the microemulsions can be much lower. It was shown that w/o microemulsions in the sodium dodecyl sulfate–1-butanol–kerosene–aqueous HCl system can be used for chemical polishing of 08Kh18N10 (AISI 304) stainless steel. Regions of existence of microemulsion in this system were determined, and conditions of chemical polishing of stainless steel with a sodium dodecyl sulfate microemulsion were chosen. Conditions of cleaning of the surface of a stainless-steel sample after chemical polishing were selected so that to ensure the most complete removal of microemulsion components from the steel surface without changing the surface microrelief.