Summary Interleukin‐17 (IL‐17)‐producing cells play a critical role in mucosal immunity including the respiratory tract. This review will highlight recent advances in our understanding of these cells in mucosal immunity in the lung as well as their potential pathogenic roles in respiratory diseases. The IL‐17‐producing cells include γδ T cells, natural killer cells, group 3 innate lymphoid cells, and T helper type 17 (Th17) cells. There have been recent advances in our understanding of these cell populations in the lung as well as emerging data on how these cells are regulated in the lung. Moreover, Th17 cells may be a key component of tissue‐resident memory cells that may be acquired over time or elicited by mucosal immunization that provides the host with enhanced immunity against certain pathogens.