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Martínez-Ferraté, Oriol; Chacón, Gustavo; Bernardi, Fabiano; Grehl, Thomas; Brüner, Philipp; Dupont, Jairton
Catalysis science & technology, 2018, Volume: 8, Issue: 12Journal Article
Very simple and economical SiO 2 supported ionic liquid phase (SILP) materials are efficient catalysts for the addition of CO 2 to epoxides, producing cyclic carbonates in high yields (up to 99%) and selectivities (up to 99%). A range of ionic liquid (IL) concentrations (5–100 wt%), SiO 2 -supported 1- n -butyl-3-methylimidazolium halides (SBMIm·X: X = Cl, Br and I) ( 1–7 ) and 1-ethyl-3-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)-imidazolium halides (SEPIm·X) ( 8 , 9 ), were prepared and fully characterised. These hybrid materials are very active catalysts under mild reaction conditions (low temperature and atmospheric pressure or adsorbed CO 2 ). Under the optimal reaction conditions (S = 3.34 mmol, cat/S = 0.50, P CO2 = 5 bar, T = 80 °C), the best SILP system yields maximum conversion in just 30 min and can be reused at least five times without a noticeable decrease in activity and selectivity. The catalytic system is also active when using a CO 2 gas mixture from an industrial exhaust in both batch and continuous flow systems. A detailed structural and electronic analysis indicates that increasing the IL and water concentrations induces a solvation effect through the contact ion pair of the IL that drives the anions (Cl, Br and I) to the deeper regions of the confined space of SiO 2 . The catalytic performance is directly related to the presence of the nucleophilic Br anion on the outermost exposed layer of the hybrid material.
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