In this paper a basic theoretical and practical aspects of aromatherapy, as a complementary method in therapy and rehabilitation, is analysed. In the purpose of understanding of aromatherapy benefits on different physiological and psychological function, the potential pathways of action of essential oils’ chemical compounds are shown on the level of interaction of olfactory senses, skin, central and autonomy nervous system. The paper also presents the development of application of aromatherapy, both in cultural and historical context, and in the contemporary interdisciplinary approach involving cooperation of various disciplines, such as psychophysiology, neurology, psychology, psychoneuroimmunology, endocrinology, etc. In that way, results of some contemporary clinical and scientific researches on the application of certain essential oils in a variety of problem areas in therapy and rehabilitation have been considered.