The general approach to drought regionalisation regards the multi-year average values of drought indexes as regionalisation indicators, without taking long-term variability into account. This type of regionalisation is known as static regionalisation, or mean regionalisation, and does not consider possible variations over multiple years. In order to analyse the probability of climate aridity and drought, in this study, we firstly introduce the novel concept of a probabilistic aridity index for climate regionalisation and a drought index for drought risk regionalisation, as well as a methodology for estimating the frequency of the probabilistic aridity and drought index. Details of the approach used in the regionalisation of aridity and drought risk, and its associated characteristics, are then discussed. Finally, the value of our approach is demonstrated in China. The result shows that climate and drought risk regionalisation is able to provide enriched aridity and drought probability information compared with general climate and drought regionalisation, and can thus provide enhanced technical support for the rational allocation of water resources and the prevention and mitigation of drought disasters. Display omitted •A novel concept of probabilistic aridity and drought index for climate and drought risk regionalisation were proposed.•An approach for regionalisation of aridity and drought risk considering probability were developed.•The value of the regionalisation of drought risk was demonstrated in China.