Microplastic particles (MPs) occur widely in aquatic ecosystems and are ingested by a wide range of organisms. While trophic transfer of MPs is known to occur, researchers do not yet fully understand the fate of MPs in food webs. We explored the factors influencing reported ingestion of MPs in marine and freshwater fishes by conducting a literature review of 123 studies published between January 2011 and June 2020. We used Bayesian generalized linear mixed models to determine whether MP ingestion by fishes varies by Food and Agricultural Organization fishing area, trophic level, body size, taxa, and study methodology. After accounting for methodology, strong regional differences were not present, although ingested MP concentrations were slightly different among some FAO areas. According to the reviewed studies, MP concentrations in fish digestive tracts did not increase with either trophic level or body size, suggesting that biomagnification of MPs did not occur, although larger fish were more likely to contain MPs. Researchers reported higher concentrations of MPs in clupeids compared with other commonly studied taxonomic families, which could be due to their planktivorous feeding strategy. Methodology played an influential role in predicting reported concentrations, highlighting the need to harmonize methods among studies. Display omitted •Data on fish ingestion of microplastics were compiled from 123 studies.•We modeled factors influencing reported microplastic concentration in fishes.•Biomagnification of microplastics between trophic levels was not observed.•Smallest detectable particle size influenced reported concentrations.•Small planktivorous fish may ingest more microplastics.