The international community is at a crossroads, and there is no consensus on the fundamental question of how countries promote cultural freedom while defending cultural pluralism and strengthening civil society. New citizenship practices and identity politics have captured the imagination of anti-globalization protesters as well as many national policy makers. Trade may lead culture, but in some periods the reverse may be true. The emergence of informed counter-publics has changed the international landscape. Cultural diversity is now the high standard. On the right, cultural politics are always dangerous, often xenophobic and opposed to immigration. On the left, identity politics are just as potent, challenging existing authority and championing redistributive social policies aimed at building inclusive societies. The lack of forward momentum at the WTO is a powerful signal that bureaucrats and policy makers have yet to address these issues effectively. Identity, citizenship and pluralism may well be significantly more central than trade liberalization in a post-Doha world.