Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is expected to be of great importance for the future energy conversion and storage in form of hydrogen by water electrolysis. Besides the traditional noble‐metal or transition metal oxide‐based catalysts, carbonaceous electrocatalysts are of great interest due to their huge structural and compositional variety and unrestricted abundance. This review provides a summary of recent advances in the field of carbon‐based OER catalysts ranging from “pure” or unintentionally doped carbon allotropes over heteroatom‐doped carbonaceous materials and carbon/transition metal compounds to metal oxide composites where the role of carbon is mainly assigned to be a conductive support. Furthermore, the review discusses the recent developments in the field of ordered carbon framework structures (metal organic framework and covalent organic framework structures) that potentially allow a rational design of heteroatom‐doped 3D porous structures with defined composition and spatial arrangement of doping atoms to deepen the understanding on the OER mechanism on carbonaceous structures in the future. Besides introducing the structural and compositional origin of electrochemical activity, the review discusses the mechanism of the catalytic activity of carbonaceous materials, their stability under OER conditions, and potential synergistic effects in combination with metal (or metal oxide) co‐catalysts. Advanced carbonaceous oxygen evolution reaction catalysts for water‐splitting applications rely on synthesis procedures enabling formation of nanosized 3D, defect‐rich, and heteroatom‐doped carbon structures and inorganic particle‐containing hybrid materials. Parameters affecting the electrocatalytic activity include defect engineering, heteroatom doping, and hybrid composite formation as well as the formation of framework structures defined by molecular building blocks.