It is widely assumed that the complexity of neural circuits enables them to implement diverse learning tasks using just a few generic forms of synaptic plasticity. In contrast, we report that synaptic plasticity can itself be precisely tuned to the requirements of a learning task. We found that the rules for induction of long-term and single-trial plasticity at parallel fiber-to-Purkinje cell synapses vary across cerebellar regions. In the flocculus, associative plasticity in vitro and in vivo is narrowly tuned for an interval of ∼120 ms, which compensates for the specific processing delay for error signals to reach the flocculus during oculomotor learning. In the vermis, which supports a range of behavioral functions, plasticity is induced by a range of intervals, with individual cells tuned for different intervals. Thus, plasticity at a single, anatomically defined type of synapse can have properties that vary in a way that is precisely matched to function. •Synaptic plasticity rules are not uniform, but tuned to specific circuit function•Different rules at different cerebellar parallel fiber-to-Purkinje cell synapses•Synaptic plasticity can precisely compensate for circuit delays of >100 ms•Provides a mechanism for solving temporal credit assignment problem Suvrathan et al. expand the known repertoire of synaptic plasticity by showing that the same kind of synapses can exhibit different learning rules and that these rules can precisely compensate for behaviorally relevant circuit delays.