...of their analyses, the authors conclude that: "many systems appear to be generally stable or improving." ...African elephants (Loxodonta africana)911 are thought to have declined from about 25 million to about 1 million between 1800 and 1970, at a rate of 1.4 million per decade, compared to just 0.13 million per decade over 1970-2016. ...tiger (Panthera tigris) populations in India, which have shown signs of recent increase due to conservation efforts, still number fewer than 3,000 individuals8, just 7% of their former counts at the turn of the twentieth century12. ...bison (Bison bison) now number only about 500,000 individuals compared to the millions that previously ranged across North America, and occupy less than 1% of their pre-European colonization range, despite an increasing population trend since 197013. ...assessments of population change should be anchored by data, and empirical estimates of populations are more widely available over relatively recent timeframes.