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Aartsen, M. G.; Ackermann, M.; Adams, J.; Aguilar, J. A.; Andeen, K.; Bagherpour, H.; Bay, R.; Beatty, J. J.; Besson, D. Z.; Böser, S.; Bradascio, F.; Braun, J.; Bron, S.; Chen, C.; Cheung, E.; de André, J. P. A. M.; Ridder, S. De; Vries, K. D. de; Eller, P.; Gallagher, J.; Ganster, E.; Garrappa, S.; Griffith, Z.; Gündüz, M.; Hanson, K.; Heereman, D.; Hill, G. C.; Jacobi, E.; Jeong, M.; Karl, M.; Katz, U.; Kim, J.; Kolanoski, H.; Köpke, L.; Kopper, C.; Koskinen, D. J.; Krückl, G.; Larson, M. J.; Lauber, F.; Lazar, J. P.; Lucarelli, F.; Luszczak, W.; Maggi, G.; Mahn, K. B. M.; Makino, Y.; Maunu, R.; Medina, A.; Micallef, J.; Momenté, G.; Montaruli, T.; Moore, R. W.; Nahnhauer, R.; Pollmann, A. Obertacke; O'Sullivan, E.; Peiffer, P.; de los Heros, C. Pérez; Plum, M.; Przybylski, G. T.; Rameez, M.; Rawlins, K.; Reimann, R.; Relethford, B.; Rhode, W.; Rysewyk, D.; Herrera, S. E. Sanchez; Sandrock, A.; Santander, M.; Satalecka, K.; Schneider, J.; Soldin, D.; Song, M.; Stasik, A.; Stößl, A.; Stuttard, T.; Sullivan, G. W.; Sutherland, M.; Taboada, I.; Tenholt, F.; Ter-Antonyan, S.; Terliuk, A.; Tomankova, L.; Tönnis, C.; Tung, C. F.; Turcati, A.; Turcotte, R.; Elorrieta, M. A. Unland; Usner, M.; Eijndhoven, N. van; Vanheule, S.; Weaver, C.; Weiss, M. J.; Weldert, J.; Wendt, C.; Werthebach, J.; Wille, L.; Williams, D. R.; Wills, L.; Wolf, M.; Xu, X. W.; Yanez, J. P.
The Astrophysical journal, 08/2019, Volume: 880, Issue: 2Journal Article
After the identification of the gamma-ray blazar TXS 0506+056 as the first compelling IceCube neutrino source candidate, we perform a systematic analysis of all high-energy neutrino events satisfying the IceCube realtime trigger criteria. We find one additional known gamma-ray source, the blazar GB6 J1040+0617, in spatial coincidence with a neutrino in this sample. The chance probability of this coincidence is 30% after trial correction. For the first time, we present a systematic study of the gamma-ray flux, spectral and optical variability, and multiwavelength behavior of GB6 J1040+0617 and compare it to TXS 0506+056. We find that TXS 0506+056 shows strong flux variability in the Fermi-Large Area Telescope gamma-ray band, being in an active state around the arrival of IceCube-170922A, but in a low state during the archival IceCube neutrino flare in 2014/15. In both cases the spectral shape is statistically compatible (≤2 ) with the average spectrum showing no indication of a significant relative increase of a high-energy component. While the association of GB6 J1040+0617 with the neutrino is consistent with background expectations, the source appears to be a plausible neutrino source candidate based on its energetics and multiwavelength features, namely a bright optical flare and modestly increased gamma-ray activity. Finding one or two neutrinos originating from gamma-ray blazars in the given sample of high-energy neutrinos is consistent with previously derived limits of neutrino emission from gamma-ray blazars, indicating the sources of the majority of cosmic high-energy neutrinos remain unknown.
