During the Renaissance, design reached an unprecedented peak, and began establishing itself with a separate identity—no longer part of art or the crafts. Architecture, and later engineering (and much later industrial design), acquired the status of independent professions, which eventually led to the establishment of formal education in these disciplines, starting in the 17th century. The various emerging schools offered practical training, fortified by scientific and general studies. In most cases, they included a project-based practicum component. In the École des Beaux-Arts the practical work was undertaken in the atelier, French for studio. All modern educational programs in design