In this study, seeds of the Turkish pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) species, which is most widely distributed in Turkey, were collected from the Anamur and Mersin regions in 2005 from four elevations: ...0-400, 400-800, 800-1200 and above 1200 meters (m). These seeds were stored at +2-4 ºC and germinated at temperatures of 15, 20 and 25 ºC in 2005, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018 and 2020, and the effect of storage time on germination percentage (GP) was investigated. According to the general average, there was no significant change in the GP of the seeds as the storage period increased. However, the effect of storage time on GP varied according to region, elevation and germination temperature. Especially in germination at 20 °C at lower elevations, the GP did not change much at the end of 15 years or largely maintained the 2005 germination rates. In the other zones, 80% of the initial germinations were obtained in most of the zones, although there was a slight decrease at the end of the storage period. At 15 ºC, the declines in germination were very insignificant in the first years in both sections, but became significant in the following years. At 25 ºC, the decline in germination was generally higher than at other germination temperatures, and the declines started from the 5th year onwards, and at the end of 15 years, germination declined between 38.0-61.0%. As a result, after 15 years of storage of Turkish pine seeds, it was observed that at 20 ºC the GP was significantly maintained, while at other germination temperatures, the decline in germination increased as the storage period increased. In the storage of the seeds of the species, the storage period should be determined by considering the region and elevation where the seeds were collected.
U ovoj studiji, sjeme brucijskog bora (Pinus brutia Ten.), koji je najrasprostranjenija vrsta borova u Turskoj, prikupljeno je u regijama Anamur i Mersin 2005. godine s četiri nadmorske visine: 0-400, 400-800, 800-1200. i iznad 1200 metara (m). Ovo sjeme je skladišteno na +2-4 ºC i klijalo je na temperaturama od 15, 20 i 25 ºC 2005., 2010., 2012., 2014., 2016., 2018. i 2020. godine. Istraživan je utjecaj vremena skladištenja na postotak klijavosti (GP). Prema općem prosjeku, nije bilo značajne promjene u GP-u sjemena s produljenjem razdoblja skladištenja. Međutim, učinak vremena skladištenja na GP varirao je ovisno o regiji, nadmorskoj visini i temperaturi klijanja. Posebice kod klijanja na 20 ºC u nižim nadmorskim visinama, GP se nije puno promijenio na kraju razdoblja od 15 godina ili je uglavnom zadržao stope klijavosti iz 2005. godine. U ostalim zonama dobiveno je 80% početne klijavosti u većini zona, iako je došlo do blagog pada na kraju razdoblja skladištenja. Na 15 ºC, pad klijavosti bio je vrlo beznačajan u prvim godinama u oba dijela, ali je postao značajan u sljedećim godinama. Na 25 ºC pad klijavosti bio je veći nego na drugim temperaturama klijavosti, a pad je počeo od 5. godine pa nadalje, da bi na kraju razdoblja od 15 godina klijavost pala između 38,0-61,0%. Kao rezultat toga, nakon 15 godina skladištenja sjemena brucijskog bora, primijećeno je da se na 20 ºC GP značajno održao, dok se na drugim temperaturama klijanja pad klijavosti povećavao kako se produžilo razdoblje skladištenja. U slučaju skladištenja sjemena vrste, razdoblje skladištenja treba odrediti uzimajući u obzir regiju i nadmorsku visinu na kojoj je sjeme sakupljeno.
This study investigated changes in the germination rate and germination percentage of seeds obtained from closed pine cones (
Pinus brutia
Ten.) of different ages collected at different altitudes. ...The seeds used in the study were obtained from closed cones (3/control, 4, 5, 6, and 7 years old) in the lower (0-200 m) and higher (800-1000 m) altitude zones of the Mersin-Anamur region in a section from the sea to the interior. The seeds germinated in the dark at a constant temperature of 20 °C for 28 days. At the end of the germination test, a two-way analysis of variance was performed on the germination percentage data on the 10th, 14th, and 28th days, and the interactions between altitude and cone age were found to be significant (
p
= 0.05). As a result of the significant interaction between the two groups, the mean separation test (Tukey test) showed that the highest germination rate was 89.0% in the control group, and the lowest was 77.5% in the 7-year-old cones. In the higher altitude zone, the highest germination rate was 74.0% and the lowest was 71.0%, obtained from 5- and 7-year-old seeds, respectively. In general, germination values in the lower altitude zone were higher than those in the higher altitude zone. However, the decrease in germination values from the control to the 7-year-old seeds was greater in the lower altitude zone than in the higher altitude zone. The study found that altitude was more effective than cone age on the germination rate and percentage.
U ovom istraživanju analizirane su promjene u stopi klijavosti i postotku klijavosti sjemena iz zatvorenih češera
Pinus brutia
Ten. različite starosti, sakupljenih na različitim nadmorskim visinama. Sjeme korišteno u istraživanju dobiveno je iz zatvorenih češera (3/kontrola, 4, 5, 6 i 7 godina starosti) u nižim (0-200 m) i višim (800-1000 m) visinskim zonama Mersin- Anamurske regije rasprostranjenih od mora prema unutrašnjosti. Sjeme je klijalo u mraku pri konstantnoj temperaturi od 20 °C 28 dana. Na kraju testa klijavosti provedena je dvostruka analiza varijance o postotku klijavosti 10., 14. i 28. dana, te je utvrđeno da su interakcije između nadmorske visine i starosti češera značajne (p = 0,05). Kao rezultat značajne interakcije između dviju skupina, srednji test razdvajanja (Tukey test) pokazao je da je najveća klijavost bila 89,0% u kontrolnoj skupini, a najniža 77,5% u 7-godišnjim češerima. U zoni viših nadmorskih visina najveća klijavost iznosila je 74,0%, a najmanja 71,0%. Dobivena je iz sjemena starih 5 odnosno 7 godina. Općenito, vrijednosti klijavosti u zoni niže nadmorske visine bile su veće od onih u zoni više nadmorske visine. Međutim, smanjenje vrijednosti klijavosti od kontrolnog do 7-godišnjeg sjemena bilo je veće u zoni niže nadmorske visine nego u zoni više nadmorske visine. Studija je pokazala da je na stopu klijanja i postotak, nadmorska visina učinkovitija od starosti češera.
•Afforestation has occurred over different periods in Central Anatolian arid lands.•Survival and growth rates of tree species have changed through afforestation.•Forest floor organic matter had ...accumulated as stands aged.•Soil carbon and nitrogen content had increased as stands aged.
Restoration of degraded lands is among the major challenges in Arid and semi-arid ecosystems. Therefore, in many regions where arid and semi-arid climates prevail, afforestation studies are carried out for restoration purposes. This study evaluated long-term afforestation practices in terms of ecosystem restoration in the arid lands of Central Anatolia, Turkey. For the study, sample afforestation sites of different ages were chosen in the Tuz Gölü-Konya basin. Species in the sites included black pine (Pinus nigra), Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia), sweet almond (Prunus dulcis), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), narrow-leaved ash (Fraxinus angustifolia), and mahaleb cherry (Prunus mahalep). For each sampling area, the survival rates, height, and diameter values of species were recorded. Litter on the forest floor was sampled and then representative soil pits were dug at each site to sample soil from different layers (30, 60, 90, and 120-cm deep) of the profile. Bulk density, texture, lime content, pH, salinity, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) concentration were determined for each soil sample. Approximately 2/3 of the black pine seedlings had died in the first 8–10 years of afforestation. The mortality rate in almond and mahaleb seedlings was approximately 20%. After 25–27 years of afforestation, 1/3 and 2/3 of the initial almond and Russian olive seedlings were lost, respectively. The mortality rate for other species was about 80% for the same period. Black pine had reached over 6.5 m, increasing its height by about 11-fold over the last 10–25 years. In the same period, the increase in the height of black locust was 2.8-fold, almond 2.6-fold, and ash 2.5-fold. The least height growth (1.7-fold) for this period was recorded for mahaleb. The amount of litter had increased 3- and 5-fold, at 15–17 years and 25–27 years of plantation age, respectively, compared to its increase in the open control site. After 15 years from planting, soil nitrogen (N) concentration at the first 30-cm depth had increased by about 1/3 compared to the open area. At the same depth, the soil pH value had decreased by 0.15 units after 25–27 years compared to the rest of the profile. These data implied that soil restoration had been initiated at all sites.
To determine the adulthood outcomes of bladder, kidney, and sexual functions of posterior urethral valve (PUV) patients.
The records of patients who were treated for PUV between 1980, and 2001 and ...aged ≥18 years by the end of 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with complete adulthood data were included in the study. Renal, bladder, and sexual functions were assessed. Adulthood uroflowmetry results of 22 patients were also evaluated.
Thirty-nine patients with complete adulthood data out of 89 were included. The median follow-up time was 22.7 years (15-33 years). Median age at initial surgery for PUV was 36 months (1-168 months), and median age at last follow-up was 26 years (18-46 years). Lower urinary tract dysfunction was noted in 15 (38%) patients. In 22 patients (56%) with uroflowmetric analyses, median values of Qmax, voided volume, and post voiding residual urine volume were 20.5 mL/sec (7-43 mL/sec), 389 mL (154-1750 mL), and 18.5 mL (range 0-190 mL), respectively. Nineteen patients (48.7%) had normal glomerular filtration rate, 2 patients (5.1%) had chronic kidney disease, and the remaining 18 patients (46.1%) had end stage renal disease, 14 (35.9%) of whom underwent renal transplantation. Thirty-two patients (82%) had sexual function evaluation, none of which reported erectile dysfunction. However, 4 patients (12.5%) reported slow ejaculation. Five patients fathered a child whereas infertility was observed in 2 patients.
After 2 decades, glomerular filtration rate was normal almost in half of the PUV patients while lower urinary tract dysfunction was detected in 38%. Furthermore, erectile dysfunction was rare.
What is currently known about this topic?•There is still no clear consensus on the ideal surgical treatment options for the ectopic ureteroceles with duplex system.•Ureterocele has been reported to ...be associated with bladder neck defect, which can lead to urinary incontinence or detrusor myogenic failure.What new information is contained in this article?•Clinical success was achieved using lower urinary tract reconstruction with no need for re-operation in 90% of the patients.•Almost one-quarter of patients face with lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) in the long-term follow-up.•Although the rate of LUTD in females seems to be higher, no significant difference is observed between the two genders.
We aimed to analyze the long-term clinical and lower urinary tract function outcomes in children with duplex system ectopic ureterocele who underwent ureteroneocystostomy and ureterocelectomy.
Fifty-one patients (28 females, 23 males) who underwent a series of surgical interventions including lower urinary tract reconstruction in childhood for duplex system ectopic ureterocele in our center between 1998 and 2019, were retrospectively reviewed. The demographic and clinical data, surgical history, and the indication for ureterocelectomy were noted. Lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) status was assessed through dysfunctional voiding symptom scores (DVSS) and uroflowmetry in all patients at the last follow-up. The clinical outcomes, and LUTD were evaluated.
At the last visit at a mean follow-up of 117.18 ± 57.87 months after ureterocelectomy, ipsilateral persistent lower pole VUR was detected in 5.6% (3/54 renal units, 2 females and 1 male) of the cases, who were treated using the subureteric injection. Abnormal DVSS (median 11, range 9–15) was detected in 27.4% (14/51 pts) of the patients. Out of these, 57.1% (8/14 pts) had storage symptoms, 35.7% (5/14 pts) had voiding symptoms, and 7.1% (1/14 pts) had both storage and voiding symptoms while 71.4%(10/14 pts) had abnormal uroflowmetry findings (plateau shaped flow curve in 2, staccato shaped curve with sustained EMG activity in 3, tower shaped curve in 2, interrupted shaped curve in 3 patients). Five patients had elevated residual volume. Anticholinergics were administered to six patients who had overactive bladder symptoms. In addition, two girls required open bladder neck reconstruction due to stress incontinence caused by bladder neck insufficiency.
Our findings showed that clinical success was achieved using the lower urinary tract reconstruction with no need for re-operation in 90.2% of patients with duplex system ectopic ureterocele. However, LUTD was present in 27.4% of our patients in the long-term follow-up. Therefore, LUTD should be carefully assessed in the long-term follow-up of these patients.
A significant amount of land area in the Central Anatolian Region of Turkey has saline-sodic soil properties. The aim of the current study was to use both soil amendment and tree to restore these ...degraded lands. The primary objective was to ameliorate soils by leaching excess sodium with gypsum and sulfur applications. Following soil treatments, salt cedar (Tamarix smyrnensis Bunge), Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) and silver poplar (Populus alba L.) seedlings were planted on experimental and control sites to evaluate the effects of the treatments on survival and growth of these species. In the fall of 2013, three-year-old seedlings were planted using 1.5 x 1.5 m spacing on each plot. Survival rates were determined and height and diameter were measured at the end of September 2015. Second year infiltration measurements indicated that both chemical treatments had significantly increased the infiltration capacity of the soil (P=0.0003). Soil infiltration capacity on gypsum treated sites was about 55% higher than on sulfur sites. Following the second growing season, salt cedar had the highest survival rates of 80%. Silver poplar had 36% survival rates across the treatments. Russian olive had 50 cm height growth on both gypsum and sulfur application sites vs. only 25 cm on controls. Diameters of Russian olive on gypsum and sulfur sites were about 9.3 mm vs. 5 mm on the controls. Silver poplars on gypsum treated sites grew 42% taller than controls. Salt cedar had no significant growth responses among treatments. With appropriate soil amendments, especially gypsum, Russian olive gave the best overall two-year results.
(Poiret) Spach (Caucasian wingnut, Juglandaceae) is a relict tree species, and little is known about its tolerance to abiotic stress factors, including drought stress and heavy metal toxicity. In ...addition, salicylic acid (SA) has been shown to have a pivotal role in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses.
The current study is focused on evaluating the impact of foliar application of SA in mediating Caucasian wingnut physiological and biochemical responses, including growth, relative water content (RWC), osmotic potential (Ψs), quantum yield (Fv/Fm), electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide, and antioxidant enzymes, to cadmium (Cd; 100 µM) and drought stress, as well as their interaction. Moreover, the antioxidant activity (e.g., ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, glutathione reductase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities) of the stressed trees was investigated. The study was conducted on 6-month-old seedlings under controlled environmental conditions in a greenhouse for 3 weeks.
Leaf length, RWC, Ψs, and Fv/Fm were decreased under all treatments, although the effect of drought stress was the most pronounced. An efficient antioxidant defense mechanism was detected in Caucasian wingnut. Moreover, SA-treated Caucasian wingnut plants had lower lipid peroxidation, as one of the indicators of oxidative stress, when compared to non-SA-treated groups, suggesting the tolerance of this plant to Cd stress, drought stress, and their combination. Cadmium and drought stress also changed the ion concentrations in Caucasian wingnut, causing excessive accumulation of Cd in leaves. These results highlight the beneficial function of SA in reducing the negative effects of Cd and drought stress on Caucasian wingnut plants.
A nanocomposite containing Fe
O
, chitosan (Ch), and hexacyanoferrate (HCF) was synthesized in the form of powder. The physicochemical properties of this nanocomposite are determined using different ...techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The existence of Cs (Cs) ions onto the surface of the nanocomposite was verified by dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). FTIR spectra confirmed that the nanocomposite was well coordinated. The batch technique was applied to evaluate the influences of initial pH value, temperature, contact time, shaking rate, initial Cs concentration, and competing cations on the efficiency of Cs removal. The maximum adsorption capacity for Cs ions of nanocomposite was determined as 34.36 mg/g at the initial pH = 5 of the aqueous solution. The equilibrium data fitted well the linearized Langmuir isotherm equation, which has the higher correlation coefficient (0.999). Thermodynamic parameters such as free energy (ΔG°), enthalpy (ΔH°), and entropy (ΔS°) indicated that the adsorption was exothermic and not spontaneous.
The aim of this study is to determine what factors predict spontaneous passage of ≤1 cm ureteral stones in children.
Files of the patients diagnosed with a single ureteral stone on a given side ...between 2008 and 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with congenital obstructive uropathy, neurogenic bladder, vesicoureteral reflux and those with a stone diameter of >1 cm were excluded. Detection of ureteral stones was done using ultrasonography (US) primarily, and computed tomography when US findings were inconclusive. Patients were treated either conservatively or surgically. Conservative treatment included adequate hydration and pain management whereas surgical treatment included ureteroscopic intervention. Apart from those who required urgent intervention, patients were referred for surgical treatment after 2–4 weeks of follow-up with no spontaneous passage. Factors analyzed for association of spontaneous passage included age, gender, type of hematuria, stone localization, laterality, presence of concomitant kidney stone, degree of hydronephrosis, stone size and stone composition.
A total of 70 patients (38 males, 32 females); median age 4.7 years had a ≤ 1 cm ureteral stone (median diameter 7 mm). US was able to diagnose the ureteric stone in 47 patients while computed tomography was required in 23 patients. Spontaneous passage was observed in 40 patients (57.1%). Median time for stone passage was 8 days (3–34 days). Stone size and presence of hematuria (macroscopic and microscopic combined) were factors associated with spontaneous passage and 6.7 mm was found to be the cut-off (AUC = 0.953; 95% CI 0.905–1.000; sensitivity 96.7%, specificity 82.5%, p < 0.001). Moreover, age, degree of hydronephrosis or stone location were not associated with spontaneous passage.
Patients with a ureteric stone size <6.7 mm can safely be followed conservatively, with a spontaneous passage rate of 82.5%.
Type of Study
Case series with no comparison group.
Level of Evidence
IV
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