The role of the exchange rates in emerging market economies that have adopted inflation targeting (IT) is a critical and contentious issue in the relevant literature. This article investigates ...whether an exchange rate-augmented Taylor rule describes the Central Bank of Republic of Turkey's (CBRT) monetary policy. Covering the period from 2002:1 to 2017:8 it also explores possible nonlinearities in the reaction function of the CBRT by employing a Threshold Vector Autoregressive (TVAR) model. The linear estimation of the model highlighted the importance of the exchange rate in monetary policy under IT. The results of the nonlinear model indicate that the stance of monetary policy was asymmetric with respect to exchange rate movements during the conventional IT period. However, the asymmetric monetary policy stance disappeared in the aftermath of the Global Financial Crisis. Increasing considerations of financial stability undermined the asymmetric policy stance of the CBRT in the post-crisis period.
Abstract In humans, up to 1,500 mitochondrial precursor proteins are synthesized at cytosolic ribosomes and must be imported into the organelle. This is not only essential for mitochondrial but also ...for many cytosolic functions. The majority of mitochondrial precursor proteins are imported over the translocase of the outer membrane (TOM). In recent years, high-resolution structure analyses from different organisms shed light on the composition and arrangement of the TOM complex. Although significant similarities have been found, differences were also observed, which have been favored during evolution and could reflect the manifold functions of TOM with cellular signaling and its response to altered metabolic situations. A key component within these regulatory mechanisms is TOMM70, which is involved in protein import, forms contacts to the ER and the nucleus, but is also involved in cellular defense mechanisms during infections.
Immigrant and minority youth are at risk of experiencing victimization due to their ethnic, cultural, or religious background. Despite an increasing number of studies that aims at understanding the ...consequences of being the target of such negative experiences, little attention has been paid to the factors that might counteract the occurrence of ethnic victimization. The present study aimed to address this gap in knowledge by investigating the possible role of school context. Specifically, the present study examined the extent to which perceived positive contact norms in class and teachers’ reactions to ethnic victimization are linked to engagement in ethnic victimization. It also examined whether such links differ across adolescents with different levels of tolerance toward immigrants. The sample included 963 adolescents residing in Sweden (
M
age
= 13.11, SD = 0.41; 46% girls). The results showed that perceived positive contact norms in class were associated with a lower likelihood of engagement in ethnic victimization across youth with different levels of tolerance toward immigrants. When adolescents perceived their teachers as not tolerating ethnic victimization, those with high levels of tolerance were less likely to engage in it. However, teacher reactions did not affect the behaviors of adolescents with low and moderate levels of tolerance toward immigrants. The findings indicate the importance of classroom context and teachers in counteracting negative interactions among students of diverse backgrounds.
This study investigated the synthesis and characterization of which the result of the reaction of Schiff base ligands containing pyridine with RuCl2(p-cymene)2. The spectroscopic techniques used for ...the characterization process were the elemental analysis, mass spectroscopy, FT-IR, UV–Vis and 1H and 13C NMR. The results showed that Ru(II) complexes occured through the coordination of azomethine N, carbonyl and hydroxyl O atoms of the ligands. Ru(II) complexes were utilized as catalysts for the transfer hydrogenation of a series of ketones in the i-propanol solution and in the presence of KOH. The catalytic reactions indicated that the Ru(II) complexes (1a-d) were effective catalysts in the transfer hydrogenation reaction.
•Ru(II) complexes containing pyridine-based Schiff base ligands were synthesized.•Ru(II) complexes were characterized through different spectroscopic techniques.•The catalytic activity of transfer hydrogenation (TH) was investigated.•The catalytic activities of Ru(II) complexes were excellent in the TH of ketones.
The student-teacher relationship has mostly been assumed to be static. This approach is limited in providing information on how relationships with teachers evolve over time, and how possible changes ...affect young people’s adjustment. To address this gap in knowledge, the present study examined whether adolescents follow different trajectories in their perceptions of relationship with teachers and whether students on different trajectories differ from each other in their adjustment. The sample included 829 students residing in Sweden (
M
age
= 13.43,
SD
= 0.55, 51% girls). Three distinct teacher-relationship trajectories were identified. More than half (66%) of the adolescents (
average-stable trajectory
) reported an average level of positive relationships with teachers at grade 7, and did not change significantly over the three years. About 24% of the adolescents (
high-increasing trajectory
) reported a high level of fair and supportive teacher-relationships at T1, and continued to increase in their positive views from grade 7 to grade 9. Ten percent of the adolescents (
average-declining trajectory
) reported an average level of positive relationships with teachers at grade 7, but showed a decline in their positive views towards teachers over time. Relative to adolescents on an average-stable trajectory, adolescents on a high-increasing trajectory reported greater school satisfaction, higher achievement values, and lower failure anticipation. By contrast, adolescents in the average-declining group reported worsening school adjustment. No significant moderating effects of immigrant status and gender were found. These findings highlight the importance of the association between the continuous experience of supportive and fair teacher treatment and youth adjustment.
In the present research on parenting and adolescent behavior, there is much focus on reciprocal, bidirectional, and transactional processes, but parenting-style research still adheres to a ...unidirectional perspective in which parents affect youth behavior but are unaffected by it. In addition, many of the most cited parenting-style studies have used measures of parental behavioral control that are questionable because they include measures of parental knowledge. The goals of this study were to determine whether including knowledge items might have affected results of past studies and to test the unidirectional assumption. Data were from 978 adolescents participating in a longitudinal study. Parenting-style and adolescent adjustment measures at 2 time points were used, with a 2-year interval between time points. A variety of internal and external adjustment measures were used. Results showed that including knowledge items in measures of parental behavioral control elevated links between behavioral control and adjustment. Thus, the results and conclusions of many of the most highly cited studies are likely to have been stronger than if the measures had focused strictly on parental behavior. In addition, adolescent adjustment predicted changes in authoritative and neglectful parenting styles more robustly than these styles predicted changes in adolescent adjustment. Adolescent adjustment also predicted changes in authoritativeness more robustly than authoritativeness predicted changes in adjustment. Thus, parenting style cannot be seen as independent of the adolescent. In summary, both the theoretical premises of parenting-style research and the prior findings should be revisited.
Young people are growing up in increasingly “super-diverse” societies, and show variations in how they approach diversity and embrace differences. Developing a good understanding of why some youth ...appreciate and value diversity whereas others do not is crucial in identifying ways to promote social interactions among different groups in broader society. The current study examined whether adolescents follow different trajectories in their views on diversity, and identified possible factors behind how they change over time. The sample included 1362 adolescents residing in Sweden (
M
age
= 13.18,
SD
= 0.43, 48% girls). Adolescents reported on their openness to diversity and classroom social climate. The peer nominations method was used to measure majority-minority friendship, and friends’ views on diversity. Latent growth analysis showed that adolescents, on average, became more open to diversity over time, but with clear heterogeneity. Three distinct trajectories were identified as:
high-increasing
,
average-increasing
, and
average-declining
. Relative to the high-increasing group, the other two were more likely to be male and immigrant. Relative to the high-increasing group, adolescents on the average-increasing trajectory perceived their classroom climate as less cooperative, while the adolescents on the average-declining trajectory were less likely to have friends with positive views on diversity. The findings suggest that schools may serve as a shared ground for promoting openness to diversity.
Immigrant and minority youth are at risk of ethnic victimization. Despite an increasing number of studies that aim to understand the consequences of such negativity, relatively little attention has ...been paid to understanding who the perpetrators of ethnic victimization are. To address this gap in knowledge, the present study examined whether youth who victimize their peers due to their ethnic background are also those who engage in non-ethnicity-based victimization. The study also investigated the underlying factors, i.e., impulsivity, empathy, moral disengagement, and attitudes toward immigrants, that are common or specific to groups of youth. The sample included 949 adolescents residing in Sweden (
M
age
= 13.11, SD = 0.41; range: 12–15; 46% girls). Cluster analysis revealed four distinct groups of adolescents, based on their reports of ethnic and non-ethnicity-based victimization: (1) low on both forms of victimization, (2) high on ethnic victimization only, (3) high on non-ethnicity-based victimization only, and (4) high on both forms of victimization. The results showed that being morally disengaged is a common denominator of ethnic and non-ethnicity-based victimizers. Difficulties in regulating impulses and lack of perspective-taking skills trigger youth’s engagement in non-ethnicity-based victimization. Lack of empathic concerns and low levels of positive attitudes toward immigrants are the bases of ethnic victimization. Together, these findings suggest that the precursors of ethnic and non-ethnicity-based victimization have similarities as well as differences, which require further attention in developing programs aimed at preventing different forms of peer victimization.
The study examined how adolescents' individual characteristics and class context are related to bystander behaviors in cases of ethnic victimization. The sample included 1065 adolescents in Sweden ...(Mage = 13.12, SD = 0.42; 55%males). Female adolescents, adolescents of immigrant background, and adolescents with positive attitudes toward immigrants had greater intentions to defend and comfort victimized peers. Positive inter‐ethnic contact norms in class were positively associated with intention to comfort the victim. Teachers' non‐tolerance of ethnic victimization was positively related to adolescents' intentions to ask the perpetrator to stop and talk to teacher. The effects were the same across adolescents with different attitudes toward immigrants. Findings highlight the importance of class context and teachers in fostering adolescents' prosocial and assertive interventions in bias‐based hostile behaviors.
Boron Carbide (B4C) is investigated by molecular dynamics simulations to examine its mechanical behaviour on the dynamics loading. Atomistic shock compression simulations are carried out in 0001 and ...101¯0 impact directions for that purpose. Interaction between atoms is defined with reactive force field (reaxFF). Hugoniot curves are obtained and Hugoniot elastic limits (HEL) are determined for both directions. HEL point occurs at about 17 and 24 GPa in 0001 and 101¯0 directions, respectively. Resistance of material to structural deformations is higher for 101¯0 direction compared to 0001. Three wave fronts develop in shock wave profile in the material. The shock velocity Us - particle velocity Up relations in plastic region has bilinear nature. Amorphous state is observed above impact speeds 2.0 and 3.0 km/s, 0001 and 101¯0 impact directions, respectively. Buckling of C-B-C chains and lattice rotation occur before amorphization, the degree of both of which depends on impact direction and these are considered the causes of deformation. The changes in the structural order of B4C is investigated using radial distribution function (RDF) analysis. Our numerical results compare favourably with available experimental results.
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•Molecular dynamics shock simulation of boron carbide using reaxFF potentials.•Hogoniot curves and HEL points obtained in different cystallographic directions.•Bilinear relation between particle and shock velocities is observed.•Buckling of C-B-C chains, accompanied by shear loss and amorphization.
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