Upotreba plodova uljane palme (Elaeis guineensis) za proizvodnju ulja od plodova palme seže unatrag nekoliko tisuća godina. Na temperaturi 18–20°C ulje je u krutom stanju, pa se naziva i mast. Ulje ...ima specifičan kemijski sastav, fizikalna i morfološka svojstva. Preradom plodova uljane palme dobiva se ulje dobre kvalitete, koje se upotrebljava u raznim industrijama, a najveću primjenu ima u prehrambenoj industriji. Međutim, kvaliteta palmina ulja uvjetovana je načinom proizvodnje, uvjetima čuvanja i skladištenja. Čuvanje ulja na visokim temperaturama, izloženost svjetlu i kisiku dovodi do nepoželjnih promjena koje narušavaju kvalitetu ulja ili proizvoda koji ga sadrži. Da bi se postigla veća oksidativna stabilnost palmina ulja, dodaju se antioksidansi u određenim koncentracijama koji mogu biti prirodni ili sintetski. U svrhu ovog istraživanja od prirodnih antioksidansa upotrijebljeni su ekstrakti ružmarina, rujevine, đumbira, smilja, sikavice, kadulje i ekstrakt mješavine ljekovitih biljaka u koncentracijama od 0,20%, dok su od sintetskih antioksidansa upotrijebljeni butilhidroksianisol, butilhidroksitoluen i propil galat u koncentracijama od 0,01%. Provedene su analize udjela vode, slobodnih masnih kiselina i vrijednosti peroksidnog broja, na kontrolnom uzorku (bez dodatka antioksidansa). Nakon dodatka antioksidansa u palmino ulje proveden je test održivosti u sušioniku pri 63°C i svaka 24h izvršeno uzorkovanje uz određivanje vrijednosti peroksidnog broja i sadržaja slobodnih masnih kiselina do najviše 120h. Provedenim istraživanjem utvrđeno je da iz grupe sintetskih antioksidansa najveći doprinos stabilnosti palmina ulja pokazao je butilhidroksitoluen, dok su ostali sintetski antioksidansi slično djelovali. Iz grupe prirodnih antioksidansa najbolji učinak imao je ekstrakt smilja, dok su ekstrakti kadulje i sikavice ubrzali oksidativno kvarenje palmine masti.
Places are locations of value where psychological and cultural needs are satisfied. Human relationships with particular environments play a key role in motivating, developing, and nurturing the life ...of societies. Undifferentiated space becomes 'place' as we understand it better and its built and natural forms become endowed with value. However, misunderstanding the critical importance of heritage locations, particularly based on rejection of local and regional distinctiveness, has often led to their destruction. Featuring essays from across central Europe and beyond, and aimed at practitioners, decision makers and concerned citizens alike, this book raises awareness about the responsibility that we bear for every action taken that modifies the formal and socio-cultural context. Potentially, these actions can negatively impact the cultural landscape. Learning to recognize the essential value of heritage to the 'place-ness' of our cities and landscapes is vital in helping us to preserve and enjoy their intrinsic beauty and cultural importance.
Food safety is a story that unites all civilizations, cultures, and nations, and it is interlaced with various methods for making food safer. Concern for nutritious and safe food is as ancient as ...humankind itself, and many of the food safety issues that persist today are not new. Diverse records from the ancient world, as well as the religious writings of the three monotheist religions, actually refer to food, its intake, and prohibitions, as well as pathological diseases that may follow from inappropriate intake. Over time, food safety has evolved into a scientific discipline concerned with the handling, preparation, transport, and distribution of food to avoid the transmission of illnesses. The current state of food safety knowledge is the result of past discoveries, innovations, and laws. In modern times, the right to consume safe food is a fundamental human right. It contributes to and promotes sustainable development while supporting the economy, trade, and tourism. Nevertheless, despite significant improvements, we still know relatively little about food-borne illnesses and how infections affect humans.
Introduction: Energy drinks (EDs) are products in the form of a beverage or concentrated liquid designed to increase both mental and physical stimulations. Their popularity has grown tremendously, ...especially among children and adolescents, regardless of the growing number of undesirable health consequences associated with their consumption. This study aimed to evaluate the content of additives in EDs available in the Bosnian and Herzegovinian (B&H) markets.
Methods: Twenty-two EDs from 15 brands were analyzed. The contents of quinine (QUIN), caffeine (CAF), benzoic acid (BZA), and sorbic acid (SA) were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography.
Results: The median value of QUIN, CAF, SA, and BZA was 0.15 ppm, 309.05 ppm, 75.35 ppm, and 90.80 ppm, respectively. The highest CAF content variation was found in EDs of brand 4, and the lowest was in brand 6. A statistically significant difference was found between the obtained values in relation to the recommended daily intake of CAF for adolescents by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Academy of Pediatrics (p < 0.001).
Conclusion: The CAF content in EDs deviates by 10% from the content stated in the product declaration. All EDs on the B&H market should carry a clear warning: “High CAF content must not be mixed with alcohol and is not recommended for children, pregnant and/or lactating women, and CAF-sensitive individuals.” Given the behavioral trends associated with the potential risks of excessive CAF consumption, particularly among youth, national agencies in B&H should recognize areas of intervention such as responsible marketing and advertising, and education and awareness-raising. Further research and monitoring would be needed to determine the effectiveness of the various aspects of the proposed risk management approach.
Urban rivers in Bosnia and Herzegovina are under the influence of industrial as well as communal loads resulting in high concentrations of heavy metals as well as faecal bacteria, and investigating ...how this could be managed is essential. Mentha aquatica is a widely growing plant with the potential to be used in pollution management. In this study, a setup of artificial ponds using water from urban rivers was used to evaluate the efficacy of M. aquatica in rhizofiltration systems. During the 15-d trial various physico-chemical and microbiological parameters of water, as well as the removal rate of heavy metals and faecal bacteria, were evaluated. The chemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, and pH values were reduced after the introduction of M. aquatica plants. Nitrite, nitrate, orthophosphate, and total phosphorus were also decreased after 15 d post M. aquatica introduction for highly polluted water. Absorption of lead and cadmium by M. aquatica and 45% and 100% pathogen removal ratio were recorded. The results obtained from this study suggest that M. aquatica has the potential to remove heavy metals and pathogens from polluted river ecosystems and could be considered for phytoremediation purposes through the process of rhizofiltration.
Nutritional value of extra virgin olive oil is associated with its complex chemical composition. The aim of this study was to determine phenolic secoiridoids in Extra virgin olive oils (EVOOs) from ...autochthonous Croatian cultivars (Drobnica, Krvavica, Lastovka, and Oblica) by qNMR, to determine simple phenolics by UPLC, as well as to analyze the fatty acid profile, the antioxidant activity, and the oxidative stability of selected oils. This is the first study on chemical and biological characterization of selected autochthonous olives varieties. Drobnica EVOO contained the highest amount of total phenols and major secoiridoid derivatives (oleocanthal, oleacein, oleuropein aglycon, and ligstroside aglycon) compared to other oils. The antioxidant activity of Drobnica phenolics was very high by FRAP and copper‐induced LDL oxidation assays, while the oxidative stability of Drobnica oil by Rancimat method was very long (23 h).
Practical applications: This study represents the contribution to the research of chemical and biological potential of monovarietal extra virgin olive oil from Croatia. EVOOs from selected Croatian autochthonous cultivars had very high phenolic content that is related to high inhibitory rate of copper‐induced oxidation of human LDL as well as the long oxidative stability. Drobnica EVOO showed very long oxidative stability. EFSA approved health claim on olive oil polyphenols (EU, 432/2012) and selected Croatian cultivars, especially Drobnica, are of interest due to its high phenolic content and strong biological potential.
Extra virgin olive oils from selected Croatian autochthonous cultivars with high amount of phenolic secoiridoids (oleocanthal, oleacein, oleuropein aglycon, ligstroside aglycon) determined by qNMR technique shows very long oxidative stability by Rancimat method (>20 h) and high biological potential.
Gradačac Old Town Complex - Current State Evaluation Čaušević, Amir; Rustempašić, Nerman; Akšamija, Lemja ...
IOP conference series. Materials Science and Engineering,
12/2020, Letnik:
960, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
In the protection of historical heritage evaluating the current state of a facility is a very important phase since it provides for the project framework and the decision-making guidelines, which is ...all crucial for the final goal - protection of Gradačac Old Town complex. There are several historical layers encompassed by Gradačac Old Town - starting from the medieval fortification system, expanding to the Ottomans' period where main buildings (a residential tower, a clock tower, and a mosque) were added by the Ottomans, extending and continuing the works on adding a library and a gymnasium in the Austro-Hungarian period. The overall Complex flows with the natural morphology of the terrain; nowadays these green areas are used as the main city park. Complex of Gradačac has two separate fortification zones, the main area of around 33 000 m2, and the accentuated part with the tower, of around 3 000 m2. The fortification (The Old Town) ground plan is approximately a square one, with sides from 180 to 200 m, consisting of the two main parts: The Lower and the Upper City. In the north-west area, there's the Upper City (fortification inside the fortification, namely Husein-Captain Gradaščević's Tower). The Old Town is accessed through three gates: The North (the main gate), the South, and the West gate. Upper City with Husein-Captain Gradaščević's tower is positioned on the topmost point in the north side of the fortification complex. It rests on a terrace which encloses it from the south and the east side. On the north side of the Upper City, there are outer perimeter walls constituent to the whole of the Complex. Architectural heritage preservation and valorisation are increasingly important social and economic issue in many countries. The issues encountered in these undertakings range from defining and choosing required level of safety, via the question of electing methodologies relevant for contracting reliable structural analyses and safety check-ups, up to choosing the design and installation of suitable materials, and the intervention.
Old masonry towers, in all their variety - be it a bell tower, a city tower, clock tower, inhabited residential towers, and/or guard/watchtowers - can be found all around the world representing ...typical urban centre feature, and in some cases -they are the countryside panorama landmark. Statics analysis and calculation are the first steps towards engineering interventions on cultural and historical heritage buildings. In the structural analysis of clock towers, the typical critical points and places where crucial damages that could lead to the collapse, are expected are in the top sections of the building - where the oscillation amplitude reaches its maximal value. Effect on building structure is observed concerning the oscillation frequency and building's own frequency and energy, which can explain why minaret towers and high slim towers, in some cases, can better withstand earthquakes than extremely rigid buildings; given that the resonance, low-quality materials and other factors can lead to the vulnerability of a building structure. This type of building is designed on a simple, regular shape ground plan, or, in other words, the towers have a symmetrical ground plan and uniformly distributed mass and height. The second statement provides that, depending on building materials used and the cross-section dimensions, towers can be very heavy, which can cause the appearance of significant inertia forces during earthquake oscillations. If there's mass eccentricity, the horizontal loads could tip the building over. Gradačac clock tower's load-bearing structural walls are built with masonry stone blocks. The vertical loads are, via slabs and wooden beams, conducted to the walls and down to the foundations. Foundation structure consists of a slab, 80cm thick, positioned at -8.25m which sits on a well-compacted layer of soil. Wooden staircases are used for vertical transportation between storeys. Structural analysis calculation is based on a 3D model of a building and is performed by using the finite elements method (FEM) in Tower calculation software. The requirements for the authenticity in preservation actions imply that the interpretation and the presentation must correlate with basic authenticity principles, in compliance to Nara document (ICOMOS, 1994), protecting cultural values, from both - the hazardous influences of intrusive infrastructure and load of visitors, and incorrect and inappropriate interpretations.
The unexpected loss of values, as one result of the total destruction during the armed conflicts and war, put us on the challenge to properly decide about methods of rehabilitation, and integrating ...and understanding values and actions that could vary from restoration to, in many cases, even full reconstruction. During the 1992-1995 war in BiH, many valuable assets of cultural heritage like national monuments, historical places, and historical structures were damaged and/or destroyed. After the aggression, the first step has been to regain and/or establish the function of the places destroyed, while for the cultural heritage assets these attempts called for the approaches more careful. It is not only that the importance or the significance of places and structures destructed is different, the level of destruction also is. These inputs are essential in having preparedness for any action when without possibilities to rely on unique methodology. Even though it is now 20 years after the conflict, Bosnia is still faced with the post-war recovery efforts, with problems newly occurred that are the outcomes of unsuccessfully implemented methods of rehabilitation. This paper aims to present an overview of the interventions implemented within Bosnia and Herzegovina given in respect to the typology of a building, its importance including intangible values and the level of its destruction. Giving examples of Ferhadija/Ferhat Pasha Mosque in Banja Luka and the Old Bridge in Mostar - the examples of total reconstruction, will guide one to understand aspects of choosing the reconstruction action as the appropriate intervention. There are also valuable examples of post-war recovery and rehabilitation for the historical places, such as is the Old town of Počitelj with its entire valuable structures, where after the urban reconstruction - we now have the new challenge of managing the historic place. The inside view shall be more oriented on the case of the Handanija Mosque in Prusac where correct methodology approach had been applied regarding the diagnostic, identifying and/or determining the nature and causes of damage and deterioration of the facility through the inspection and examination, but some rather improper conclusion and decision have been derived from that investigation works. In addition, some analyses of Index of shifts of minaret have been conducted too. Index of shift represents the relation of minaret height - h and width of its layout (D or 2r) or the diameter of circular cross-section. Analyses of conducted work could provide us with a better understanding of the damaged buildings potential weaknesses and weak spots. Reinforcement and strengthening of damaged construction structure has been among the most important tasks. In some cases, improper interventions on heritage structures may have been damaging - in sense of impairing the authenticity, while sometimes it was an insufficient knowledge on structural behaviour and the materials used in historic structures that brought unexpected additional damages. The use of traditional crafts, techniques, and materials is one of the most important elements in the process of architectural heritage protection, contributing to the adequate protection, restoration, conservation, as well as its maintenance.
In this work, both farm milk samples (n=3), as well as samples of milk from Bosnia and Herzegovina market (n=7), were analyzed to quantify the presence of polychlorinated biphenyls. The PCB content ...(as Aroclor 1254) was determined in the fat extracts using the PCB ELISA kit, according to the procedure provided by the manufacturer. The total PCB concentrations (as Aroclor 1254) in individual milk sample ranged from <LoD to 787.74 µg/kg lipid weight (l.w.). The calculated Ʃ6PCB were ranged from <LoD to 187.72 µg/kg l.w. In one out of ten analyzed samples the presence of PCB higher than maximum limit (ML) was found. However, the absorbance measured for this sample is out of the linear range. In this case the sample can be considered as a suspect and should be analyzed with the quantitative confirmatory method. In other milk samples the concentration of PCB was in the acceptable range, and far below the ML.
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