Small ruminant (sheep and goats) brucellosis caused by Brucella melitensis remains widely recognized as a major zoonosis causing profound economic, animal production, and public health consequences. ...Even though definite diagnosis depends on the isolation of the bacterial agent from clinical and post-mortem specimens, a presumptive diagnostic based on the assessment of specific serological response is used in routine diagnostics for the purpose of disease control or animal trade. The Rose Bengal test, the complement fixation test, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, or the fluorescence polarization assay are considered by the World Animal Health Organization--OIE as a suitable serological test for diagnosing B. melitensis infection on a herd and individual animal level. The aim of this study was to assess agreement among results of the Rose Bengal, complement fixation test, and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using small ruminant sera samples collected through brucellosis surveillance program in Bosnia and Herzegovina. A subset of these samples from non-vaccinated animals (2250) was reused and tested on each test. Agreement among test results was assessed pair vise using Kappa statistical analysis with correspondent 95% CI. Additionally, Landis-Koch scale was used for the classification of observed agreement based on established Kappa. The highest agreement was found between the complement fixation test and the Rose Bengal test (0.643), while the lowest was between the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the rose Bengal test (0.533). Choice of serologic tests and testing protocols used in brucellosis surveillance programs depends on the program aim, alongside specific epidemiological, animal production, economic, and cultural circumstances. Keywords: Complement fixation test, iELISA, Rose Bengal, small ruminant brucellosis, test agreement
The study has aimed to investigate and determine the anatomical position, shape, size, and histological features of the ductus venosus, and its role as a shunt in the fetal circulatory system in ...domestic ruminants. The research was conducted on 19 bovine, 11 sheep and 5 goat fetuses, aborted at the late stage of pregnancy or deceased just after delivery. The general anatomy of the ductus venosus was investigated by in-situ dissection of the corrosive cast obtained by injection of 25% solution of Vinylite mass through the umbilical vein. For histological examination, the fetal tissue samples were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin, Masson’s trichrome, Verhoeff-Van Gieson and Gomoriꞌs silver stain. The results showed that ruminant fetal ductus venosus is a curved, trumpet-shaped vessel, situated in the central part of the liver, above the porta hepatis. Its ventral part is constricted in the form of an isthmus, having a prominent lip-like thickening at the junction with the portal sinus. Histological examination showed the dominant presence of collagen and elastic fibers in its tunica media, with thin bands of smooth muscle fibers oriented in a longitudinal and circular direction indicating ability for vasoconstriction and vasodilatation.
Canine pyometra is a common reproductive disorder of intact diestrual bitches. The disease is associated with inflammation and infection of the uterus leading to generalized illness. The varied ...reactions of the host to infection, inflammation, or trauma are collectively known as the acute-phase response (APR) and encompass a wide range of pathophysiological responses. One of these systemic responses to disease is an increase in the production by the liver of a number of serum proteins, which are known collectively as the acute-phase proteins (APP). The most important APPs in dogs are C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A (SAA). When diagnosed with pyometra, the preferred and most effective treatment is ovariohysterectomy, a procedure that in itself causes systemic inflammation due to the tissue trauma caused by surgery. The purpose of this study was to identify the effect pyometra and ovariohysterectomy have on acute phase proteins and routinely measured biochemistry variables in serum of affected bitches. We achieved this by evaluating concentrations of CRP and SAA, as well as of some biochemistry parameters in serum before and after ovariohysterectomy in bitches with pyometra. Blood samples were collected from the cephalic vein immediately prior to and 24h, 72h and 168 hours after initiation of surgery. The levels of CRP, SAA and some biochemistry parameters - total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLOB), as well as activity of some enzymes: alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (AKLP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were determined Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of pyometra and its surgical treatment, ovariohysterectomy, on acute phase proteins, specifically C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A (SAA), as well as on routine serum biochemistry variables in affected bitches. By evaluating the concentrations of CRP and SAA, alongside key biochemistry parameters before and after surgery, this research seeks to elucidate the physiological and biochemical responses to both the disease and its treatment, providing insight into the systemic effects of pyometra and the surgical stress response in dogs. Study Design: The study design involved a cohort of twenty-seven female dogs, divided into two groups: seventeen clinically healthy intact female dogs serving as the control group, which were examined for routine health care or vaccinations, and ten female dogs diagnosed with pyometra at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sarajevo. The diagnosis of pyometra was made based on case history, clinical signs, ultrasonography, and confirmed by gross examination of the pus-filled uterus during and after ovariohysterectomy. The surgical procedure was performed using a standard mid-line approach under general inhalation anesthesia, with no post-operative complications reported. Place and Duration of Study: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sarajevo, between June 2012 and September 2012. Methodology: Blood samples were collected from the distal cephalic vein into serum separating tubes (Vacutainer SST; Becton Dickinson, USA) for CRP and SAA measurement and serum biochemical evaluation just before the ovariohysterectomy (base values) as well as after 24 hours (day one), 72 hours (day three) and 168 hours (day seven). Blood samples from control dogs were collected only once. Serum samples were prepared by centrifugation (1.500 × g for 10 min) and stored in plain micro tubes (Eppendorf, Germany) at −20°C prior to analysis. Serum CRP concentrations in the dogs were measured with ELISA microplate reader (Anthos 2001 ELISA-reader, Anthos Mikrosysteme, Krefeld, Germany) using a commercial canine CRP enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (Tridelta PhaseTM Range CRP Assay, Tridelta Development Limited, County Kildare, Ireland). For SAA, the analyses were performed using also a commercially available ELISA kit (Tridelta PhaseTM Range SAA Assay, Tridelta Development Limited, County Kildare, Ireland). Total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLOB) concentrations and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALKP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities were determined by using standard procedures and slides by Catalyst Dx Chemistry Analyzer, Idexx. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS software package (for Windows, Version 11.5, SPSS Inc, USA). All data were shown as mean ± standard deviation. The results were analyzed using the independent t-test. A P-value less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Our results indicated significantly higher concentrations of CRP and SAA in dogs with pyometra throughout the study period compared to the control group, with CRP concentrations rising up to 15-fold and SAA up to 10-fold. Notably, these increases in CRP and SAA concentrations were mostly observed before surgery, with only limited additional increases post-surgery. This suggests that while ovariohysterectomy induces a proinflammatory response, it does not significantly escalate the levels of these proteins beyond the initial disease impact. The variability observed in CRP and SAA levels points to potential interindividual differences, impacting their diagnostic value. However, on the last postoperative day, the significantly elevated levels of both proteins in dogs with pyometra suggest a persistent, though less severe, inflammatory process, with a subsequent decline as homeostasis was gradually restored. Conclusion: The role of the acute phase response is to limit inflammation, remove the damaging factor and restore homeostasis. The systemic effects of pyometra are reflected by acute phase proteins and several biochemistry parameters.
Minerals are essential substances with an important function in livestock, and their disbalance negatively affects the health and production, especially of ruminants. The addition of fat to the ...rations of dairy cows impacts the overall and mineral metabolism, and thus on health and production. The aim of the research was to examine the correlative relationships between balanced production meals and the mineral status of lactating cows with different ration compositions with or without the presence of vegetable oil. The research was conducted on 30 dairy cows of the Holstein breed at the Butmir farm, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Three groups of 10 animals were formed based on productivity (A, 13-15 kg of milk/day, B, 19-21 kg of milk/day and C, 25-27 kg of milk/day). Samples of feed, blood plasma and milk of animals were collected on three occasions a 3-week intervals. According to the feed analysis results, the rations were standardized for each group, given for three weeks without oil,and then for three weeks with the addition of sunflower oil in the amount of 2.5% of the ration dry matter. After determining the content of basic nutrients, dry matter and ash in the rations, the concentrations of Ca, Mg, Na and K were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry,while the colorimetric method was used to analyse P according to Woy and Eggertz-Finkener. Analysis of blood mineral parameters was performed spectrophotometrically. The content of fat, proteins, lactose, and non-fat dry matter in milk samples was determined by infrared spectrometry using an automatic analyser. Based on the results, we observed a similarity in changes of values and the statistical significance of the differences in plasma Ca, P and Mg between the study groups and at sampling intervals. Milk production was positively correlated with the concentration of Mg and Ca with addition of the sunflower oil to the meal, while no correlation coefficient was established for P in any of the samplings. Balanced meals with and without the addition of oil did not significantly affect the content of Ca, P or Mg in the blood plasma of the tested animals, nor were significant differences found between the groups. However, by determining the correlations between milk parameters and blood biochemical parameters, a significant positive correlation was established between the amount of milk and Ca and Mg levels with a diet supplemented by oil. Given that the addition of sunflower oil in the amount of 2.5% of dry matter of the balanced rations for cows had no negative effects on the mineral profile and the parameters of the tested animals, we conclude that the introduction of this oil could be useful both from the economic point and improving nutritional composition of milk as an animal food present in the daily human diet.
Minerali su esencijalne tvari s važnom funkcijom u organizmima, a njihova neravnoteža negativno utječe na zdravlje i proizvodnju mlijeka, posebice preživača. Dodatak masti u obroke mliječnih krava ima utjecaj na sveukupni i metabolizam minerala, a time i na zdravlje i proizvodne funkcije. Cilj istraživanja bio je istražiti korelativne odnose između izbalansiranog proizvodnog obroka i mineralnog statusa krava u laktaciji pri različitimsastavima obroka sa ili bez prisustva biljnog ulja. Istraživanje je provedeno na 30 muznih krava crno-šare pasmine na farmi “Butmir” u Sarajevu.Formirane su 3 skupine od po 10 grla na osnovu proizvodnosti (A, 13-15 kg mlijeka/dnevno, B, 19-21 kg mlijeka/ dnevno i C, 25-27 kg mlijeka/ dnevno). Uzorci krmiva, krvne plazme i mlijeka životinja prikupljani su tri puta u razmaku od 3 tjedna. Prema rezultatima analize krmiva normirani suobroci za svaku skupinu, davani tri tjedna bez ulja, a zatim tri tjedna s dodatkom suncokretovog ulja u količini od 2,5 % suhe tvari obroka. Nakon određivanja sadržaja osnovnih nutrijenata, suhe tvari i pepela u obrocima krava, koncentracija Ca, Mg, Na i K određena je atomskom apsorpcionom spektrofotometrijom (AAnalyst 300, Perkin Elmer Corp., Norwalk CT, SAD), dok je za analizu P korištena kolorimetrijska metoda prema Woyu i Eggertz-Finkeneru. Analiza mineralnih parametara krvi provedena je spektrofotometrijski (ALCYON ABBOTT 300). Određivanje sadržaja mliječne masti, proteina, laktoze i bezmasne suhe tvari mlijeka provedeno je metodom infracrvene spektrometrije na automatskom analizatoru MILKOSCAN. Na temelju dobivenih rezultata može se uočiti sličnost u kretanju vrijednosti i statističke značajnosti razlika za plazmatski Ca, P i Mg između skupina u istraživanju, odnosno redoslijeda uzorkovanja. Proizvodnja mlijeka pozitivno je korelirala s koncentracijom Mg i Ca dodavanjem u obrok suncokretovog ulja, dok korelacioni koeficijent nije ustanovljen za P niti u jednom od uzorkovanja. Balanisrani obroci sa i bez dodatka ulja nisu značajno utjecali na sadržaj Ca, P i Mg u krvnoj plazmi ispitivanih životinja, niti su uočene značajne razlike između skupina. Međutim, određivanjem korelacija između parametara mlijeka i biokemijskih parametara krvi, utvrđena je značajna pozitivna korelacija između količine izmuženog mlijeka i kalcemije i magnezijemije u uvjetima ishrane s dodatkom ulja. S obzirom da dodatak suncokretovog ulja u količini 2,5 % suhe tvari uravnoteženog obroka u hranidbi krava nije imao negativne učinke na mineralni profil i mjerene proizvodne parametre ispitivanih životinja, preporuka je da uvođenje ovog ulja može biti korisno s ekonomskog kao i sa stanovišta poboljšanja nutritivnog sastava mlijeka kao animalne namirnice svakodnevno prisutne u ljudskoj hrani.
Metabolizam visokomliječnih krava, obzirom na njihovu genetsku predispoziciju za visoku proizvodnju mlijeka s jedne i reproduktivnih zahtjeva s druge strane, često je opterećen te izložen promjenama ...koje za posljedicu mogu imati poremećaj funkcionalnog stanja pojedinih organa, a najčešće jetre i genitalnih organa. Fiziološke vrijednosti biokemijskih parametara krvi krava, koje nude različiti izvori, često znaju znatno varirati. U tom smislu, osobito su interesantni parametri metaboličkog profila u muznih krava, koji imaju višestruko značenje: od pokazatelja hranidbenog statusa i uvjeta držanja životinja do pokazatelja kliničkih bolesti. Cilj je ovog rada bio ustvrditi koncentraciju nekih biokemijskih parametara u krvnoj plazmi krava holštajn-frizijske pasmine tijekom perioda zasušenja. Ispitivanja koncentracije pojedinih sastojaka u krvnoj plazmi radi određivanja metaboličkog profila krava važna su, ne samo za postavljanje objektivne dijagnoze i određivanje težine poremećaja u životinja s izraženim simptomima, već i u prevenciji i rasvjetljavanju mehanizama nastanka novih, metaboličkih i drugih bolesti. Istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno ukupno 46 krava u zasušenju holštajn-frizijske pasmine iz dva farmska uzgoja. Istraženo je 20 krava s farme „A“ i 26 krava s farme „B“. U krvnoj plazmi su spektrofotometrijski određivane vrijednosti parametara koncentracija: glukoze, ukupnih proteina, albumina, kolesterola, triglicerida, bilirubina i ureje. Na temelju rezultata našeg istraživanja, zaključili smo da su krvni parametri koje smo pratili adekvatni za praćenje funkcionalnog stanja jetre i metabolizma u krava, a koji mogu biti od koristi i u procjeni očekivane dužine servis perioda.
Due to their genetic predisposition for high milk production on the one hand and reproductive demands on the other, the metabolism of high yield dairy cows is often overloaded and under various effects. This may result in the disorder of organ functions, particularly the liver and reproductive system. Physiological values of biochemical parameters in cow’s blood may vary widely. The parameters of the metabolic profile in dairy cows have multiple significance, such as indicators of nutritional status and housing, and may also indicate clinical disorders. The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations of certain biochemical parameters in the blood plasma of Holstein- Friesian cows during the dry period. Assessment of the concentration of biochemical components in blood plasma to assess the metabolic profile is significant for diagnostics, determining the degree of disorders in animals with expressed symptoms, and in preventing metabolic and other diseases. In total, 46 cows were included in the study from two farms, with 20 cows from farm A and 26 cows from farm B. Blood plasma was tested using the spectrophotometry method to determine the concentrations of glucose, total protein, albumin, cholesterol, triglycerides, bilirubin and urea. Based on the results, it can be stated that the monitored blood parameters are adequate for screening the functional state of the liver and metabolism in cows, and can show the expected length of the service period.
Leptospirosis is an acute, subacute and chronical contagious disease of animals and humans. Causative agents of this disease belong to the genus Leptospira, family Leptospiraca. As a disease of wild ...animals, leptospirosis is widespread through Europe. Certain wild animals (rodents, fox and wild boars) are important reservoirs and highly probable vectors for the spread of infection into domestic animals and humans. During the hunting season, hunting dogs are often in direct or indirect contact with wild animals that could be carriers of this disease, and the possibility of appearance and spreading within this cohort of dogs is very high. The main reasons for this study on the prevalence of Leptospirosis in Bosnia and Herzegovina are the regular contact between hunting dogs and wild animals (carriers), and the lack of dataaboutLeptospirosisinhuntingdogs.In total, 175 serum samples from 15 towns of Bosnia and Herzegovina were tested. Twelve serovars of L. interrogans were used in the microscopic agglutination test. Presence of antibodies of four serovars was confirmed. Prevalence of seropositive dogs was 15.4% (27/175). Most positive dogs had a reaction to the Pomona serovar 51.8% (n=14), while the prevalence of the Sejroe serovar was 33.3%, Icterohaemorrhagiae serovar 11.1% and Bratislava serovar 3.7%. The highest number of positive reactions 55.5% (n=15) was with serum dilution of 1:200. This study showed that most infections in dogs were caused by serovars that are currently not included in commercial vaccines. One of the most efficient preventive measure could be vaccination with the serovars most often found in wild animals, as they appear to be the most common source of the infection.
Leptospiroza je akutna, subakutna i kronična zarazna bolest životinja i ljudi. Uzročnici ove bolesti pripadaju rodu Leptospira, porodici Leptospiraca. Leptospiroza kao bolest divljih životinja široko je rasprostranjena u Europi. Određene divlje životinje (glodavci, lisice i divlje svinje) kao važan rezervoar i vrlo vjerojatan vektor zaraze proširile su bolest na domaće životinje i ljude. Lovački psi tijekom sezone lova često su u direktnom ili indirektnom kontaktu s divljim životinjama koje bi mogle biti nositelji ove bolesti, a mogućnost pojave i širenja unutar kategorije takvih pasa vrlo je velika. Glavni razlozi ove studije o učestalosti leptospiroze na području Bosne i Hercegovine su redoviti kontakti lovačkih pasa i divljih životinja (nositelji) i nedovoljni podatci o prisutnosti leptospiroze u kategoriji lovačkih pasa. Ukupno je istraženo 175 uzoraka seruma iz 15 gradova Bosne i Hercegovine. U mikroskopskom testu aglutinacije korišteno je dvanaest serovara L. Interrogans. Potvrđena je prisutnost antitijela na četiri serovara. Prevalencija seropozitivnih pasa bila je 15,4 % (27/175). Većina pozitivnih pasa imala je reakciju na serovar Pomona 51,8 % (n=14), dok je u serovaru Sejroe prevalencija 33,3 %, serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae 11,1 % i serovar Bratislava 3,7 %. Najveći broj pozitivnih reakcija bio je s razrjeđivanjem seruma od 1:200 ili 55,5 % (n=15). Studije pokazuju da su većinu infekcija u pasa prouzročili serovari koji nisu uključeni u komercijalna cjepiva. Jedna od najučinkovitijih preventivnih mjera mogla bi biti cijepljenje sa serovarovima koji se najčešće nalaze u divljih životinja jer su one najčešći izvor zaraze.
Clinical and subclinical disorders and diseases cause reproductive failures
and decline in milk production. Etiology of disorders is mainly because of
pathological effect of microorganisms, lapses in ...nutrition and lodging, as
well as in management. After partrition, body is under stress and milk yield
is highest, which favors appearance of metabolic and infective diseases.
Status of puerperium, number of lactation, body condition score and season of
parturition, have highest effect to cyclic ovarian activity. Regular
development of dominant follicles, ovulation, formation of corpus luteum and
luteolysis is necessary for establishment of regular cyclic ovarian activity,
which leads to better fertility. Experiment had included 50 cows during first
52 days of lactation. Cows were separated in two main groups, those with
normal puerperium - NP (n=32) and abnormal puerperium - AP (n=18).
Examinations have been performed during period of 6 to 52 days postpartum.
Ovarian dominant follicles have been observed using diagnostic ultrasound
linear scanner. The highest number of dominant follicles are present during
first two examinations, then their number declines and later in last two
examinations rise again. Decrease in number of dominant follicles in both
groups is most expressed in period of 14-30 days. During first examination,
left ovaries have more dominant follicles, compared with right ovaries, while
during later examinations, it is changed in favor of right ovaries. Increased
number of vital dominant follicles from period 38-45 days postpartum and
absence of abnormal uterine content in lumen in same period postpartum is
sign of upcoming fertile estrus.
nema
During puerperium phase in cows, uterus goes through involution process,
while ovaries restore supressed cyclicity as a result of gestation. After
10-20 days postpartum (PP) luteinizing hormone (LH) ...levels begin to raise and
renewal of cyclicity after parturition is probably most important factor for
cows to successfuly conceive again. Almost 95% of dairy cows should restore
ovarian cyclicity up to 50 days postpartum. LH surge is important for
ovulation and luteinisation of granulosa and theca cells into luteal cells
and proliferation of blood vessels. Up to 79% of newly formed corpora lutea
have central vacuola, filled with fluid. The study involved the total of 54
Holstein-Friesian cows, during first 40 days of lactation. Examinations of
the ovaries, were performed in the period from 10 to 40 days postpartum.
Ovaries and corpora lutea were first palpated and then examined using
portable diagnostic ultrasound linear scanner MyLab?30 VETGold portable
ultrasound linear scanner with endorectal linear probe LV 513, 5-7.5 MHz
(both Esaote SpA, Italy). The same equipment was used to monitor BCS, while
lamenes was assessed using Zinpro Locomotion Score for dairy cows. The
highest number of corpora lutea was observed after 20 and 30 days postpartum
in experimental and control groups. More corpora lutea were observed in
multiparous cows. Higher numbers of corpora lutea with similar average size
were observed in right ovaries of cows in both groups, while corpora lutea
were bigger in multiparous cows. Numbers and sizes of corpora lutea, may give
an insight in quality of restoration of ovarian cyclicity and a solid base
for prediction on future reproductive performances.
nema
The seasonal influence, i.e. the influence of climatic changes on the dog semen was investigated. Dog age varied between 2-4. German-shepard-type dog body weight was about 25 kg, and the other mixed ...breed dogs about 9 kg. All were kept in good zoo-hygienic conditions (sunny, ventilated and dry rooms). Dogs were served ready-made pellet food with the daily meals adjusted to their body mass. Experimental researches were mainly performed before and during the sexual season. Sperm from the dogs was taken manually every 5-6 days. After obtaining the ejaculate, the sperm-sampler was inserted in pre-heated cotton, and brought to the andrologic laboratory. Tools and instruments used for ejaculate sampling were heated to +35°C before use. Quality control was performed with the devices and instruments heated to +38°C in order to avoid detrimental effect of rapid cooling to sperm movement, metabolism, etc. Sampled native ejaculates were anylized for the volume, motility, concentration, etc.Key words: dog, sperm, sexual season
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