The human microbiota is a diverse microbial ecosystem associated with many beneficial physiological functions as well as numerous disease etiologies. Dominated by bacteria, the microbiota also ...includes commensal populations of fungi, viruses, archaea, and protists. Unlike bacterial microbiota, which was extensively studied in the past two decades, these non-bacterial microorganisms, their functional roles, and their interaction with one another or with host immune system have not been as widely explored. This review covers the recent findings on the non-bacterial communities of the human gastrointestinal microbiota and their involvement in health and disease, with particular focus on the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease.
The information on microbiota composition in the human gastrointestinal tract predominantly originates from the analyses of human faeces by application of next generation sequencing (NGS). However, ...the detected composition of the faecal bacterial community can be affected by various factors including experimental design and procedures. This study evaluated the performance of different protocols for collection and storage of faecal samples (native and OMNIgene.GUT system) and bacterial DNA extraction (MP Biomedicals, QIAGEN and MO BIO kits), using two NGS platforms for 16S rRNA gene sequencing (Ilumina MiSeq and Ion Torrent PGM). OMNIgene.GUT proved as a reliable and convenient system for collection and storage of faecal samples although favouring Sutterella genus. MP provided superior DNA yield and quality, MO BIO depleted Gram positive organisms while using QIAGEN with OMNIgene.GUT resulted in greatest variability compared to other two kits. MiSeq and IT platforms in their supplier recommended setups provided comparable reproducibility of donor faecal microbiota. The differences included higher diversity observed with MiSeq and increased capacity of MiSeq to detect Akkermansia muciniphila, Odoribacteraceae, Erysipelotrichaceae and Ruminococcaceae (primarily Faecalibacterium prausnitzii). The results of our study could assist the investigators using NGS technologies to make informed decisions on appropriate tools for their experimental pipelines.
Skin Microbiota in Atopic Dermatitis Hrestak, Dora; Matijašić, Mario; Čipčić Paljetak, Hana ...
International journal of molecular sciences,
03/2022, Letnik:
23, Številka:
7
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The skin microbiota represents an ecosystem composed of numerous microbial species interacting with each other, as well as with host epithelial and immune cells. The microbiota provides health ...benefits to the host by supporting essential functions of the skin and inhibiting colonization with pathogens. However, the disturbance of the microbial balance can result in dysbiosis and promote skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis (AD). This review provides a current overview of the skin microbiota involvement in AD and its complex interplay with host immune response mechanisms, as well as novel therapeutic strategies for treating AD focused on restoring skin microbial homeostasis.
Four new Ni-substituted Krebs-type sandwich-tungstobismuthates, K4Ni2{Ni(β-ala)(H2O)2}2{Ni(H2O)}2{Ni(H2O)(η2-β-ala)}2(B-β-BiW9O33)2·49H2O {(β-ala) 4 (Ni 3 ) 2 (BiW 9 ) 2 }, ...K3.5Na6.5{Ni(η3-L-asp)}2(WO2)2(B-β-BiW9O33)2·36H2O·L-asp {(L-asp) 2 (NiW) 2 (BiW 9 ) 2 }, K4Na6{Ni(gly)(H2O)2}2(WO2)2(B-β-BiW9O33)2·86H2O {(gly) 2 (NiW) 2 (BiW 9 ) 2 }, and K2Na8{Ni(η2-serinol) (H2O)}2{Ni(H2O)2}2(B-β-BiW9O33)2·42H2O {(serinol) 2 Ni 4 (BiW 9 ) 2 } have been synthesized by one-pot solution methods. All compounds have been characterized in the solid state by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SXRD), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), elemental and thermogravimetric analyses, and infrared spectroscopy (IR), as well as by UV–vis spectroscopy in solution. The antibacterial activity of all compounds was studied against four bacterial strains by the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The results showed that only {(β-ala) 4 (Ni 3 ) 2 (BiW 9 ) 2 } demonstrates antibacterial activity (MIC is in the range from 8 to 256 μg/mL) compared to three other Ni-Krebs sandwiches.
Unprecedented tandem allylic alkylation/intermolecular Michael addition was used in the preparation of novel bicyclic azalides. NMR spectroscopy was used not only to unambiguously determine and ...characterize the structures of these unexpected products of chemical reaction but also to investigate the effect the rigid bicyclic modification has on the conformation of the whole molecule. Thus, some of the macrolides prepared showed antibacterial activity in the range of well-known antibiotic drug azithromycin.
The current paradigm of urinary tract infection (UTI) pathogenesis takes into account the contamination of the periurethral space by specific uropathogens residing in the gut, which is followed by ...urethral colonization and pathogen ascension to the urinary bladder. Consequently, studying the relationship between gut microbiota and the subsequent development of bacteriuria and UTI represents an important field of research. However, the well-established diagnostic and therapeutic paradigm for urinary tract infections (UTIs) has come into question with the discovery of a multifaceted, symbiotic microbiome in the healthy urogenital tract. More specifically, emerging data suggest that vaginal dysbiosis may result in
colonization and prompt recurrent UTIs, while urinary microbiome perturbations may precede the development of UTIs and other pathologic conditions of the urinary system. The question is whether these findings can be exploited for risk reduction and treatment purposes. This review aimed to appraise the three aforementioned specific microbiomes regarding their potential influence on UTI development by focusing on the recent studies in the field and assessing the potential linkages between these different niches, as well as evaluating the state of translational research for novel therapeutic and preventative approaches.
The healthy intestine represents a remarkable interface where sterile host tissues come in contact with gut microbiota, in a balanced state of homeostasis. The imbalance of gut homeostasis is ...associated with the onset of many severe pathological conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a chronic gastrointestinal disorder increasing in incidence and severely influencing affected individuals. Despite the recent development of next generation sequencing and bioinformatics, the current scientific knowledge of specific triggers and diagnostic markers to improve interventional approaches in IBD is still scarce. In this review we present and discuss currently available and emerging therapeutic options in modulating composition and metabolic activity of gut microbiota in patients affected by IBD. Therapeutic approaches at the microbiota level, such as dietary interventions alone or with probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics, administration of antibiotics, performing fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and the use of nematodes, all represent a promising opportunities towards establishing and maintaining of well-being as well as improving underlying IBD symptoms.
The knowledge on how gut microbes contribute to the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) at the onset of disease is still scarce. We compared gut microbiota in newly diagnosed, treatment-naïve adult IBD ...(Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC)) to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients and healthy group. Mucosal and fecal microbiota of 49 patients (13 UC, 10 CD, and 26 IBS) before treatment initiation, and fecal microbiota of 12 healthy subjects was characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Mucosa was sampled at six positions, from terminal ileum to rectum. We demonstrate that mucosal microbiota is spatially homogeneous, cannot be differentiated based on the local inflammation status and yet provides bacterial footprints superior to fecal in discriminating disease phenotypes. IBD groups showed decreased bacterial diversity in mucosa at all taxonomic levels compared to IBS. In CD and UC, Dialister was significantly increased, and expansion of Haemophilus and Propionibacterium characterized UC. Compared to healthy individuals, fecal microbiota of IBD and IBS patients had increased abundance of Proteobacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, in particular. Shift toward reduction of Adlercreutzia and butyrate-producing taxa was found in feces of IBD patients. Microbiota alterations detected in newly diagnosed treatment-naïve adult patients indicate that the microbiota changes are set and detectable at the disease onset and likely have a discerning role in IBD pathophysiology. Our results justify further investigation of the taxa discriminating between disease groups, such as H. parainfluenzae, R. gnavus, Turicibacteriaceae, Dialister, and Adlercreutzia as potential biomarkers of the disease.
We report on the new monosubstituted aluminum Keggin-type germanotungstate (C4H12N)4HAlGeW11O39(H2O)·11H2O (Al(H 2 O)GeW 11 4– ), which has been synthesized at room temperature via rearrangement ...of the dilacunary γ-GeW10O368– polyoxometalate precursor. Al(H 2 O)GeW 11 4– has been characterized thoroughly both in the solid state by single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and elemental analysis as well as in solution by cyclic voltammetry (CV) 183W, 27Al NMR and UV–vis spectroscopy. A study on the antibacterial properties of Al(H 2 O)GeW 11 4– and the known aluminum(III)-centered Keggin polyoxotungstates (Al-POTs) α-Na5AlW12O40 (α-AlW 12 O 40 5– ) and Na6Al(AlOH2)W11O39 (Al(AlOH 2 )W 11 O 39 6– ) revealed enhanced activity for all three Al-POTs against the Gram-negative bacterium Moraxella catarrhalis (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) up to 4 μg mL–1) and the Gram-positive Enterococcus faecalis (MIC up to 128 μg mL–1) compared to the inactive Al(NO3)3 salt (MIC > 256 μg mL–1). CV indicates the redox activity of the Al-POTs as a dominating factor for the observed antibacterial activity with increased tendency to reduction, resulting in increased antibacterial activity of the POT.
The antibacterial activity of 29 different polyoxometalates (POMs) against
was investigated by determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The Preyssler type polyoxotungstate (POT) ...NaP
W
O
demonstrates the highest activity against
(MIC = 1 μg/ml) among all tested POMs. Moreover, we show that the Dawson type based anions, P
W
O
, (P
O
)Mo
O
, As
Mo
O
, H
P
W
V
O
, and AsW
O
are selective on
(MIC range of 2-8 μg/ml). Among the six tested Keggin type based POTs (PW
O
, H
PCoW
O
, H
CoTiW
O
, SiW
O
, SbW
O
, AsW
O
), only the mono-substituted H
CoTiW
O
showed MIC value comparable to those of the Dawson type group. Polyoxovanadates (POVs) and Anderson type POMs were inactive against
within the tested concentration range (1-256 μg/ml). Four Dawson type POMs P
W
O
, (P
O
)Mo
O
, As
Mo
O
, H
P
W
V
O
and the Preyssler POT NaP
W
O
showed promising antibacterial activity against
(MICs < 8 μg/ml) and were therefore tested against three additional bacteria, namely
, and
. The most potent antibacterial agent was NaP
W
O
, exhibiting the lowest MIC values of 16 μg/ml against
and 8 μg/ml against
. The three most active compounds (NaP
W
O
, P
W
O
, and H
P
W
V
O
) show bacteriostatic effects in killing kinetics study against
. We demonstrate, that POM activity is mainly depending on composition, shape, and size, but in the case of medium-size POTs (charge is more than -12 and number of addenda atoms is not being higher than 22) its activity correlates with the total net charge.
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