To date little has been done on identification of major phenolic compounds responsible for anticancer and antioxidant properties of pea (Pisum sativum L.) seed coat extracts. In the present study, ...phenolic profile of the seed coat extracts from 10 differently colored European varieties has been determined using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-linear trap quadrupole orbitrap mass spectrometer technique. Extracts of dark colored varieties with high total phenolic content (up to 46.56 mg GAE/g) exhibited strong antioxidant activities (measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl or DPPH assay, and ferric ion reducing and ferrous ion chelating capacity assays) which could be attributed to presence of gallic acid, epigallocatechin, naringenin, and apigenin. The aqueous extracts of dark colored varieties exert concentration-dependent cytotoxic effects on all tested malignant cell lines (human colon adenocarcinoma LS174, human breast carcinoma MDA-MB-453, human lung carcinoma A594, and myelogenous leukemia K562). Correlation analysis revealed that intensities of cytotoxic activity of the extracts strongly correlated with contents of epigallocatechin and luteolin. Cell cycle analysis on LS174 cells in the presence of caspase-3 inhibitor points out that extracts may activate other cell death modalities besides caspase-3-dependent apoptosis. The study provides evidence that seed coat extracts of dark colored pea varieties might be used as potential cancer-chemopreventive and complementary agents in cancer therapy.
Alfalfa and red clover are important perennial legumes for the production of high-quality fodder. The improvement of the forage quality of legumes is one of the strategic goals of breeding programs. ...Variation in quality traits (protein content (CP), neutral detergent fiber content (NDF), and acid detergent fiber content (ADF)) and relative feed value (RFV) among seven cultivars and 39 elite breeding populations of alfalfa and red clover was evaluated in the study. Significant differences were determined among the investigated cultivars/populations. Alfalfa populations L-8, 10, 12, 15, and 20 were characterized by a high CP content (up to 23.47%) and/or low NDF and ADF contents. The highest CP content in red clover was recorded in population CD-18 (21.89%), while the lowest NDF and ADF contents were determined in populations CD-19 and CD-4, respectively. High RFV was determined in alfalfa populations L-10, 12, 20, 15, 16, 8, 11, and 17 (prime fodder), and in red clover populations CD-4, 8, 16, 14, and 19 (premium-quality fodder). The identified superior alfalfa and red clover populations will be used to improve the nutritional value of forage crops in our breeding program, which will lead to the release of novel cultivars with improved forage quality.
The leaf samples of two varieties, twenty breeding populations, and seven local populations of the Croatian red clover were collected in the full flowering stage, with an aim to evaluate their ...phenolic content and antioxidant activity by using the spectrophotometric methods. A significant variation among the varieties/populations in the content of total phenolics and flavonoids was determined. The results demonstrated that the red clover is a rich source of phenolics and flavonoids, ranging from 38.67 to 59.96 mg GAE/g of DM and 21.19 to 51.48 mg CE/g of DM, respectively. The high levels in both phenolics and flavonoids were found in breeding populations/variety CD-8, Rc-11/7, Rc-11/8, Rc-11/15 and OS Osiris. The leaf extracts manifested a strong antioxidant activity towards diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), with a variation from 31.50 to 63.14%. A significant correlation was found between the antioxidant activity of the extracts and their total phenolic and flavonoid content (r = 0.737 and 0.839, respectively). Considering the obtained results, the crude extracts of red clover manifested a significant antioxidant potential and can be used as a natural source of biologically active components in the human and animal nutrition.
Plant breeding as an important discipline in agriculture started in Croatia during the last decades of XIX century at several institutions and farms, but was mainly focused on arable grains, but to ...less extent to fodder, and other crops. The efforts in the research, collecting and evaluation of genetic resources of fodder crops started in the second half of XX century, but were interrupted and ceased by the war in 1990-ies, with a part of material being lost. The activities started almost from scratch by establishing the Croatian Gene Bank in early 1990ties that existed only for few years. A new National Plant Gene Bank was established in 2004 as a network working in synergy with the SEEDNet programme, and was directed by National Plant Genetic Resources Programme based on the valid international treaties on biodiversity, and conducted according to good practice in genetic resources maintenance and research, with the support of the Ministry of Agriculture and EU funds. The paper presents the short outline of the research of the genetic resources of fodder crops.
Jari stočni grašak jedna je od najznačajnijih krupnozrnih mahunarki. Kod većine oplemenjivačkih programa graška selekcijski je proces usmjeren na razvoj visokoprinosnoga i kvalitetnoga sortimenta za ...proizvodnju zrna i/ili visokokvalitetne voluminozne stočne hrane. Proizvodnja zrna bogatoga bjelančevinama uglavnom je povezana s jarim sortama, dok je proizvodnja voluminozne mase, odnosno korištenje cijele biljke, koja je, osim bjelančevina, značajan izvor minerala i vitamina, odlika ozimih sorti. Zbog nemogućnosti jesenje sjetve (kasno napuštanje polja prethodne kulture, obilne kiše u vrijeme pripreme tla i sjetve, promjena poslovnoga plana, veći broj stoke i sl.), sve su češći zahtjevi proizvođača za jarim sortama graška, koje daju veliku masu u kratkome periodu (100 dana) i omogućuju sjetvu druge kulture na istoj površini. Ciljevi ovoga istraživanja bili su: tijekom dvije uzastopne godine (2012. i 2013.) procijeniti agronomsku vrijednost sorti (jarih, fakultativno ozimih) i novostvorenih oplemenjivačkih linija jaroga stočnoga graška (7 linja, 6 sorti) te odabrati najperspektivnije linije za daljnji selekcijski proces i/ili pokretanje postupka prijave nove potencijalne sorte jaroga graška za proizvodnju voluminoznoga krmiva. Najveće prosječne prinose zelene mase ostvarile su oplemenjivačke linije MBK-7 (33 t ha-1), MBK 41 (28 t ha-1) i MBK-51(28 t ha-1) te sorte Dora (35 t ha-1) i Poneka (34 t ha-1). Navedene sorte predstavljaju vrijedan materijal za daljnji oplemenjivački rad, a identificirane superiorne linije imaju potencijal za nove sorte.
The phenolic composition of seed coats in four differently colored pea
varieties (Pisum sativum L.) was investigated using UHPLC-LTQ OrbiTrap MS.
The obtained findings revealed that the seed coats of ...the examined pea
genotypes possess a unique phenolic composition compared to previously
studied European cultivars. In total, 41 phenolic compounds have been
identified. The seed coats of the studied cultivars contained certain amounts
of rosmarinic acid, rutin, galangin, morin, naringin, hesperetin and
pinocembrin as well as ten flavonol glycosides that had not been reported
previously. Additionally, the total phenolic content, antioxidant activity
and metal chelating capacity of extracts was determined using
Folin-Ciocalteu?s method, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging
assay, ferric ion-reducing capacity and ferrous ion-chelating capacity assay,
respectively. Dark colored genotypes MBK 168 and MBK 173 possessed the
highest total phenolic contents as well the strongest antioxidant activities.
On the other hand, bright colored genotypes MBK 88 and MBK 90 exhibited the
strongest metal-chelating capacities. The examined pea seed coats may be
considered as important potential contributors to human health due to the
presence of bioactive phenolic constituents. In addition, our results could
be used as a guideline for breeding new pea cultivars with high antioxidant
activities applicable in the formulation of functional food products.
The spring field pea is one of the most important coarse legumes. This study was carried out to investigate the response of a spring field pea variety to three plant densities (50, 100, and 150 plant ...m-2) during the 2017 and 2019 growing seasons in eastern Croatia. The field study was set up as a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in four replications. The results have demonstrated a significant effect of the plant densities and the growing seasons on the seed yield and on the following yield components: plant height and the number of pods/plant. The effect of plant densities on the number of seeds/pod and the thousand-seed weight was not significant. As for a growing season, the highest seed yield, plant height, the number of pods/plant were obtained in the second growing season. Furthermore, a maximum seed yield was recorded at the 150-plant m-2 plant density. This study has demonstrated that planting the spring field pea at different plant densities significantly modifies the spring field pea yield, plant height and number of pods/plant.
Jari stočni grašak jedna je od najznačajnijih krupnozrnih mahunarki. Ovo je istraživanje provedeno kako bismo vidjeli reakciju utjecaja različitih gustoća sjetve na jari stočni grašak tijekom dvaju vegetacijskih ciklusa 2017. i 2019. godine u istočnome dijelu Republike Hrvatske. Pokus je postavljen po RCBD sustavu u četiri ponavljanja. Rezultati pokazuju značajan utjecaj gustoće sjetve i godina istraživanja na prinos zrna i većinu komponenata prinosa: visinu biljke i broja mahuna po biljci, osim broja zrna po mahuni i mase tisuću zrna, gdje gustoća sjetve nije statistički značajno utjecala na razlike u vrijednostima istraživanih svojstava. Najveće vrijednosti prinosa zrna, visine biljke i broja mahuna po biljci ostvarene su u drugoj godini istraživanja. Najveći prinos zrna zabilježen je pri gustoći sjetve od 150 biljaka/m2. Istraživanje pokazuje da različite gustoće sjetve značajno modificiraju/utječu na visinu prinosa zrna i komponente prinosa jaroga stočnog graška.
Alfalfa is the most important forage legume in the production of voluminous fodder. Although not primarily produced for its seeds, the seed yield is still important for the recognition and commercial ...viability of the cultivars on the market. Creating a cultivar of superior yield and forage quality with satisfactory seed production is one of the biggest challenges for alfalfa breeders and seed producers. The objective of this study was to determine forage and seed yields of 19 newly developed alfalfa experimental populations (ABP 1–19) of the Agricultural Institute Osijek during a long-term research period (2014–2018) in different climatic conditions. Significant differences were found between ABPs and years for forage and seed yields. Three-year (2014–2016) average green mass yield ranged from 68.41 t ha–1 (ABP 6) to 78.05 t ha–1 (ABP 19) and dry matter yield from 13.73 t ha–1 (ABP 6) to 15.30 t ha–1 (ABP 18). The average two-year (2017–2018) seed yield varied from 150.78 kg ha−1 (ABP 9) to 335.35 kg ha−1 (ABP 7). Annual forage yield significantly increased from the year of establishment to the second and third growing seasons of alfalfa. The highest average annual yield of green mass (90.24 t ha−1) was achieved in 2015, dry matter yield (17.62 t ha−1) in 2016 and the seed yield (394.17 kg ha−1) in 2017. During the researched period there was a considerable decreasing trend in forage yield from the first to the last cut, except in the year of the alfalfa establishment. Several alfalfa populations (ABP 19, 8, 14) superior in all analyzed traits were identified, and they represent top performing materials with the potential for developing and releasing cultivars in the near future. Populations with high yields of green mass and dry matter (ABP 12, 18, 1) and seed yield (ABP 7, 4) were also detected and represent valuable genetic material to improve our alfalfa breeding program.
Spring field pea is one of the most important coarse legumes. In most pea breeding programs, the selection process is focused on the development of high-yielding and top-quality varieties for grain ...and/or green forage production. Production of protein rich grain is mainly associated with spring varieties, while production of green mass rich in protein, minerals and vitamins is characteristic for winter varieties. Due to problems with planting in autumn (late harvest of previous crop, heavy rains during soil preparation and planting, business plan modifications, abundance of cattle etc.), farmers often prefer spring pea varieties that can produce large green mass over shorter period of time, as well as ensure planting of the next crop in the same field. Objectives of this research were: agronomic value assessment of (spring and potentially winter) varieties and new breeding lines of spring field pea over a two-year period (2012-2013), as well as the selection of lines with the most potential for further breeding process and/or registration of new spring field varieties for green forage production. The highest mean yields of green mass and dry matter, as well as favourable values of other assessed traits were obtained by breeding lines MBK-7, MBK-41, MBK-51, and varieties Dora and Poneka. These varieties represent valuable germplasm for further breeding process, while selected lines have high potential for the development of new varieties.
Field pea (Pisum arvense L.), also known as Austrian winter pea, is increasingly being planted in Croatia and its surrounding to produce high-quality roughage. The main characteristics of the variety ...are short vegetation, high forage yields and excellent forage quality that is reflected in the high protein production. Seed production of peas is a very complex process. In agricultural production the yield is under the influence of plant genetic potential and environmental factors, especially of the precipitation amount during the growing season. Seed production of forage pea variety 'Osječki zeleni' along with the climatic conditions for a nine-year period (2004-2012) were analysed. The analyses showed large variability in yields, germination and 1000 grain weight as well as oscillations in the amounts of precipitation during the growing period of winter peas in the analysed years. Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis showed a lack of relation between yield, germination and 1000 grain weight. There was no correlation observed between the tested parameters and the total amount of precipitation during the growing period. Thus it can be concluded that the observed parameters were substantially influenced by other environmental factors.
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