Primarna prevencija moždanog udara Šapina, Lidija
Medicus (Zagreb, Croatia : 1992),
05/2022, Letnik:
31, Številka:
1 Moždani udar
Journal Article
Recenzirano
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Moždani udar tradicionalno definiramo kao infarkt tkiva središnjega živčanog sustava. Prema definiciji Svjetske zdravstvene organizacije moždani udar je klinički sindrom vaskularne etiologije koji se ...očituje naglim nastankom žarišnoga ili difuznoga moždanog deficita trajanja dužeg od 24 sata, a koji može završiti smrću. Moždani udar jedan je od tri najčešća uzroka smrti u svijetu i vodeći uzrok trajnoga funkcionalnog oštećenja. Oko 85 % svih moždanih udara uzrokovano je ishemijom, a oko 15 % uzrokovano je hemoragijom. Mijenja živote ne samo onih koji dožive moždani udar već i njihovih obitelji i drugih skrbnika. Više od polovice osoba s komorbiditetima smatra da je veliki moždani udar gori od smrti upravo zbog posljedica: psihičkog, kognitivnog i tjelesnog invaliditeta. Unatoč pojavi reperfuzijskih terapija za odabrane pacijente s akutnim ishemijskim moždanim udarom, učinkovita prevencija ostaje i dalje najbolji pristup za smanjenje rizika od moždanog udara.
To investigate influence of therapy with new generation antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in fastening of posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE) remission comparing to therapy with standard AEDs, as well as the time ...to remission in the presence of psychiatric comorbidities.
Untreated multiple sclerosis (MS) irretrievably leads to severe neurological impairment. In European health care systems, patient access to disease modifying therapies (DMT) is often confined to more ...advanced stages of the disease because of restrictions in reimbursement. A discrepancy in access to DMTs is evident between West and East European countries. In order to improve access to DMTs for people with MS (pwMS) living in Croatia, the Croatian Neurological Society issued new recommendations for the treatment of relapsing MS. The aim of this article is to present these recommendations. The recommendations for platform therapies are to start DMT as soon as the diagnosis is made. If poor prognostic criteria are present (greater than or equal to 9 T2 or FLAIR lesions on the initial brain and spinal cord magnetic resonance imaging MRI or greater than or equal to 3 T1 lesions with postcontrast enhancement on the initial brain and spinal cord MRI or Expanded Disability Status Scale after treatment of the initial relapse greater than or equal to 3), high-efficacy DMT should be initiated. If pwMS experience greater than or equal to 1 relapse or greater than or equal to 3 new T2 lesions while on platform therapies, they should be switched to high-efficacy DMT. Further efforts should be made to enable early and unrestricted access to high-efficacy DMT with a freedom of choice of an appropriate therapy for expert physicians and pwMS. The improvement of access to DMT achieved by the implementation of national treatment guidelines in Croatia can serve as an example to national neurological societies from other Eastern European countries to persuade payers to enable early and unrestricted treatment of pwMS.
According to the frequency of epileptic seizures before and after 5-year therapy, patients were divided into four categories, as follows: 1) complete remission; 2) 1 seizure per year; 3) 2-5 seizures ...per year; and 6-10 seizures per year. According to the time to remission (months), it was achieved at a mean of 1.6 months in PTE patients versus 1.85 months in patients with complex partial seizures of temporal lobe origin, yielding a statistically significant difference at p<0.05 Electroencephalography findings were analyzed before and after 5-year AED therapy. According to current literature, PTE patients account for 5% of all epilepsy patients. ...the working hypothesis was accepted since PTE patients treated with a new generation AED achieved remission considerably earlier than those administered a conventional AED, with the time to remission being prolonged by the presence of psychiatric comorbidities.
Acute stroke is the leading cause of disability in modern society. Early treatment is crucial to maximize the benefit of stroke intervention. Effective thrombolytic therapy is dependent on timely ...intervention and guidelines for the recommended use of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator therapy within 3 hours after onset of stroke symptoms. The aim of the study was to assess whether we are ready for the introduction of thrombolysis in our region. We investigated retrospectively the time from symptom onset to hospital arrival (delay time) for patients with acute stroke in our region. Medical histories of all patients admitted to the Department in 2006 with acute stroke symptoms were studied. Statistical analysis was performed by use of the SigmaStat (version 2.0) software. Study results showed that a very high rate of patients presented after 24 hours of stroke onset (35%); 15% of all acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients arrived within 3 hours of stroke onset. Due to other exclusion criteria established, only 4% of all AIS patients were eligible for intravenous thrombolysis. Most patients arrived in the hospital too late to get maximum benefit from the emerging stroke therapies. This may be due to the failure to recognize signs and symptoms or the lack of awareness of the potential treatment benefits. Our further efforts should be focused on increasing public awareness of the stroke signs and symptoms and on reducing delay time.
Uniform case definitions are required to ensure harmonised reporting of neurological syndromes associated with SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, it is unclear how clinicians perceive the relative importance of ...SARS-CoV-2 in neurological syndromes, which risks under- or over-reporting.
We invited clinicians through global networks, including the World Federation of Neurology, to assess ten anonymised vignettes of SARS-CoV-2 neurological syndromes. Using standardised case definitions, clinicians assigned a diagnosis and ranked association with SARS-CoV-2. We compared diagnostic accuracy and assigned association ranks between different settings and specialties and calculated inter-rater agreement for case definitions as “poor” (κ ≤ 0.4), “moderate” or “good” (κ > 0.6).
1265 diagnoses were assigned by 146 participants from 45 countries on six continents. The highest correct proportion were cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST, 95.8%), Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS, 92.4%) and headache (91.6%) and the lowest encephalitis (72.8%), psychosis (53.8%) and encephalopathy (43.2%). Diagnostic accuracy was similar between neurologists and non-neurologists (median score 8 vs. 7/10, p = 0.1). Good inter-rater agreement was observed for five diagnoses: cranial neuropathy, headache, myelitis, CVST, and GBS and poor agreement for encephalopathy. In 13% of vignettes, clinicians incorrectly assigned lowest association ranks, regardless of setting and specialty.
The case definitions can help with reporting of neurological complications of SARS-CoV-2, also in settings with few neurologists. However, encephalopathy, encephalitis, and psychosis were often misdiagnosed, and clinicians underestimated the association with SARS-CoV-2. Future work should refine the case definitions and provide training if global reporting of neurological syndromes associated with SARS-CoV-2 is to be robust.
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•146 clinicians from 45 countries on six continents assessed ten scenarios of acute neurological complications of COVID-19.•Using case definitions, non-neurologists achieved similar diagnostic accuracy to neurologists.•Diagnostic accuracy was lowest for conditions presenting with altered mental status.•Association between SARS-CoV-2 and neurological syndromes was underestimated in over 10% of cases.•Training and further refinement of case definitions will target these challenges.
Inadequate attention is being paid to the anxiety and depressive symptoms in acute stroke, although these problems are known to influence the patients' neurological outcome. The aim of our study was ...to assess the prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms in the acute stage of ischemic stroke and to identify the factors associated with such problems. Anxiety and depressive symptoms were evaluated using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in 40 patients with acute ischemic stroke admitted during a period of one month. Statistical analyses were performed by the SigmaStat (Version 2.0) software. Study results showed 55% of study patients to suffer from depressive symptoms and 40% from both anxiety symptoms and depressive symptoms. There was a correlation of depressive symptoms (HADS-D score) with MMSE (p < 0.001), age (p = 0.003) and BI (p < 0.001), and of anxiety symptoms (HADS-A score) with MMSE (p < 0.001) and BI (p = 0.01). There was no significant association of HADS-A and HADS-D score with other patient characteristics. In conclusion, depressive symptoms were more frequent in the acute stage ofischemic stroke. Study patients had a high prevalence of both groups of symptoms. Therefore, attention should be paid to the anxiety and depressive symptoms in stroke units and try to relieve the patients' emotional stress and personal suffering, which could improve their neurological outcome.
SAŽETAK
Međunarodne smjernice za farmakološko liječenje epilepsija općenite su, sveobuhvatne i ne prepoznaju lokalne specifičnosti poput ekonomskih i tehničkih mogućnosti u pojedinim državama, ...dostupnosti pojedinih antiepileptika ili drugih metoda liječenja i slično. Stoga se nameće potreba izrade nacionalnih smjernica, čiji su zapravo temelj međunarodne smjernice Internacionalne lige protiv epilepsije. Hrvatske smjernice za farmakološko liječenje epilepsija plod su suradnje svih relevantnih stručnih društava i referentnih centara u RH, na čelu s Hrvatskom ligom protiv epilepsije te Hrvatskim neurološkim društvom i Hrvatskim društvom za dječju neurologiju Hrvatskoga liječničkog zbora, a odražavaju aktualne socioekonomske i regulatorne specifičnosti u našoj zemlji, najnovije spoznaje farmakoloških profila i učinkovitosti pojedinih antiepileptika kao i ekspertna mišljenja. Antiepileptička terapija se uvodi nakon postavljanja dijagnoze epilepsije, stoga profilaktička primjena nije opravdana. Nakon postavljanja dijagnoze potrebno je bolesnika informirati o prognozi bolesti, mogućnostima liječenja i samopomoći, životnim ograničenjima te mogućim neželjenim događajima. Ciljevi farmakoterapije epilepsija su potpuna kontrola napada uz izbjegavanje nuspojava te održavanje ili poboljšanje kvalitete života. Zlatni standard liječenja je monoterapija odnosno primjena adekvatnog antiepileptika u adekvatnoj dozi. Izbor i titracija lijeka su individualni, a temelje se na smjernicama za liječenje pojedinih vrsta napada, karakteristikama bolesnika i regulatorno specifičnim čimbenicima. Nakon neuspjeha inicijalne monoterapije, potrebna je reevalucija anamnestičkih i dijagnostičkih podataka te potom postupna i spora zamjena antiepileptika. Racionalna politerapija podrazumijeva kombinaciju dvaju antiepileptika različitih mehanizama djelovanja, prvog ili eventualno drugog izbora za postavljenju dijagnozu, niskoga interakcijskog potencijala, različitog profila nuspojava i sinergističkog ili aditivnog djelovanja. Zamjena generičkih ili originalnog i generičkog oblika lijeka nije preporučljiva, a poglavito nakon postizanja remisije ili prilikom uzimanja visokih doza lijeka. Ukidanje antiepileptičke terapije treba biti postupno i sporo, u slučaju politerapije jedan po jedan lijek, a u donošenju odluke o ukidanju, kao i o uvođenju antiepileptika, mora biti uključen bolesnik i njegova obitelj.
Posttraumatic epilepsy is result of head trauma. The aim of our research was to establish how many patients after head trauma developed posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE). Retrospectively we analyzed 50 ...patients with head trauma different severity in period from 1989 to 2008, which we werified radiological, electroenfephalographic, and psychical changes were established according pto psychiatric examination. From 50 patient with head trauma, 40 developed seizures (3 in the firs 24 hours and 6 after first 24 hours to the end of first week, 31 after first week). By introducing antiepileptic therapy (AETh), 30 patients were seizure free, 10 patients had 1-2 epileptic seizure monthly (EPA/CPA), 10 patients got prophylactic AETh in period 6-12 months. 14 patients developed psychical changes which were verified by psychiatrist. The experience and literature show that posttraumatic epilepsy is good for treating with 1 or 2 antiepileptic, and remission is more difficult in case psychiatric comorbidity.
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