Ovaj rad uključuje pregled neuroznanstvenih istraživanja moralnosti, s naglaskom na moralno rasuđivanje i odlučivanje. Prvi dio rada donosi pregled teorijskih pristupa i konstrukata koji proizlaze iz ...tradicionalnih pristupa koji razmatraju primarnu ulogu kognitivnih procesa ili emocionalnih procesa u moralnome rasuđivanju. Drugi dio rada pruža uvid u neuroznanstvena istraživanja koja razmatraju i potvrđuju ulogu obaju procesa u moralnome rasuđivanju. Glavna su područja mozga uključena u moralno rasuđivanje prefrontalna moždana kora, cingularna kora, amigdala i inzula. Uz navedena se područja aktiviraju i područja sljepoočnoga i tjemenog režnja moždane kore koja se povezuju s teorijom uma. O njihovim se funkcionalnim doprinosima raspravlja, a mnogobrojna istraživanja ukazuju na to da se u podlozi moralnoga rasuđivanja i odlučivanja nalaze kognitivni, emocionalni i motivacijski mehanizmi.
This paper includes a review of moral neuroscience research with an emphasis on moral reasoning and decision-making. The first part of the paper includes an overview of theoretical approaches and constructs which elaborate the primary role of cognitive or emotional processes in moral reasoning. The second part of the paper provides insights into neuroscience research that considers and confirms the role of both processes in moral reasoning. The main brain areas in moral reasoning are the regions of the prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, amygdala, and insula. In addition to the above areas, the regions of the temporal and parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex that are associated with the theory of mind are also activated. This review includes a discussion about functional contributions to different brain parts and numerous studies indicate that cognitive, emotional, and motivational mechanisms are underlying moral reasoning and decision-making.
This study investigated gender differences in the accuracy and speed of recognition of facial expressions of sadness, anger, and fear in male and female models showing these emotions. According to ...the fitness threat hypothesis, females should be faster and more accurate in recognising emotional facial expressions of fear and sadness, whereas males should be faster and more accurate in recognising anger. According to the evolutionary opponent’s emotion recognition, male observers should be more efficient in recognising emotions presented by male models, and female observers in recognising emotions presented by female models. The facial expression recognition task included 210 colour images from the Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces (KDEF) database. The sample consisted of university students (29 male and 29 female). Testing was conducted individually, and efficiency measured with accuracy and speed of recognition (reaction time). The results showed that females were faster than males in recognizing all three facial expressions. They were also more accurate in recognizing fear, whereas there were no gender differences in accurate recognition of sadness and anger. No significant interactions were found between model and observer gender on either measure (accuracy and speed of recognition). However, all three emotional expressions were recognised more accurately, but not faster, when the model was female. The gender-specific pattern in facial expression recognition found in this study does not completely corroborate the fitness threat hypothesis.
Walking difficulties in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) are one of the most pronounced predictors affecting patients' quality of life. The study objective was to determine the psychometric ...properties of the Croatian version of the Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale (MSWS-12) among pwMS in Croatia and to examine the association between MSWS-12 and Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21), and Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale-29 (MSIS-29).
A cross-sectional study included a sample of pwMS (N = 148). Psychometric properties were examined by estimating the validity and reliability of the MSWS-12. The predictive validity of MSWS-12 and demographic and disease-related factors were assessed by a hierarchical regression model using MSIS-29 and DASS-21 as criterion variables.
Scale reliability was good for the MSWS-12 scale, expressed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α = 0.98). Correlations between MSWS-12 and DASS-21 (0.20-0.27) and between MSWS-12 and MSIS-29 subscales (0.47-0.83) provided initial support for the convergent validity. Factor analysis demonstrated the unidimensional structure of the MSWS-12.
The Croatian version of the MSWS-12 is a reliable, valid, and clinically useful tool for assessing walking impairments in pwMS.
Implications for rehabilitation
Walking difficulties in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) are one of the most pronounced predictors affecting patients' quality of life.
Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale (MSWS-12) is a measure of the disease's impact on walking abilities from the patient's perspective.
MSWS-12 is a reliable scale for assessing walking speed, endurance, and gait quality in multiple sclerosis and is validated in several languages (Korean, Italian, Brazilian, and Persian).
The Croatian version of the MSWS-12 is a reliable, predictive, and valid tool for screening walking impairments in pwMS.
Purpose
Intimate partner violence (IPV) represents a widespread social and public health problem. Researchers have been shown association between IPV and mental health problems. The purpose of this ...paper is to present a review of the literature on relationship between wide ranges of mental health problems.
Design/methodology/approach
Research papers related to mental health problems among IPV perpetrators and published in leading academic journals in UK and abroad from 1987 to 2017 were identified and reviewed.
Findings
Although there were some equivocal findings, the authors found that most of the available research suggests that there is a variety of psychological health problems among IPV perpetrators. Specifically, there was evidence of a significant relationship between anger problems, anxiety, depression, suicidal behaviour, personality disorders, alcoholism or problem gambling and perpetration of IPV. Results from analysed studies identified high rates of co-morbid disorders in IPV perpetrators.
Practical implications
The findings highlight the need for treatment services to undertake screening and assessment of wide range of psychological difficulties to be able to provide best treatment approaches.
Originality/value
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic review that has included studies evaluating various psychological health problems among perpetrators of IPV.
Sexting, defined as the exchange of sexually explicit contents among adolescents and young adults using electronic media, has become a popular topic of interest in the wider public. This paper ...proposed a theoretical model to explain motivational determinants of sexting behaviour. We reviewed sexting literature to show how multiple empirical confirmed motivational factors can be modelled within our framework. By analysing empirical research, we posited a set of individual characteristics and contextual characteristics that explain sexting behaviour. We offered a systematic review of motivational determinants relevant to capture sexting behaviour and guidelines for future research in this area. We intended by this theory to organize prior research into a more theoretically satisfying approach to study sexting and to encourage researchers to expand the model and use it in future studies.
Seksting, definiran kao razmijena seksualno eksplicitnog sadržaja elektroničkim medijima među adolescentima i mladim osobama, aktualna je tema šire javnosti. U ovom je radu predložen teorijski model koji objašnjava motivacijske odrednice sekstinga. Autori su na temelju pregleda do sada provedih istraživanja prikazali kako se više empirijski potvrđenih motivacijskih čimbenika može integrirati u predloženi model. Konkretno, analizom su empirijskih istraživanja autori postavili set individualnih i kontekstualnih karakteristika koje objašnjavanju ponašanje kakvo upućuje na seksting. Predložen je sistematski pregled motivacijskih determinanti relevantnih za razumijevanje sekstinga i smjernice za buduća istraživanja u ovom području. Namjera je ovog modela organizacija rezultata do sada provednih istraživanja u teorijski prihvatljiv pristup s ciljem daljnjeg proučavanja sekstinga te poticanje istraživača na dodatni razvoj modela i njegovu primjenu u budućim istraživanjima.
Seksting, definiran kao razmijena seksualno eksplicitnog sadržaja elektroničkim medijima među adolescentima i mladim osobama, aktualna je tema šire javnosti. U ovom je radu predložen teorijski model ...koji objašnjava motivacijske odrednice sekstinga. Autori su na temelju pregleda do sada provedih istraživanja prikazali kako se više empirijski potvrđenih motivacijskih čimbenika može integrirati u predloženi model. Konkretno, analizom su empirijskih istraživanja autori postavili set individualnih i kontekstualnih karakteristika koje objašnjavanju ponašanje kakvo upućuje na seksting. Predložen je sistematski pregled motivacijskih determinanti relevantnih za razumijevanje sekstinga ismjernice za buduća istraživanja u ovom području. Namjera je ovog modela organizacija rezultata do sada provednih istraživanja u teorijski prihvatljiv pristup s ciljem daljnjeg proučavanja sekstinga te poticanje istraživača na dodatni razvoj modela i njegovu primjenu u budućim istraživanjima.
The aim of this study was to research the relation between exposure to maltreatment in childhood and working memory capacity in adulthood. A survey among 376 females in the age between 16 and 67 was ...administered. Exposure to maltreatment in childhood (sexual, physical and psychological abuse, neglect and witnessing family violence) was assessed retrospectively using the Child Maltreatment Questionnaire (Karlović, Buljan-Flander, & Vranić, 2001), whilst the Working Memory Questionnaire (Vallat-Azouvi, Pradat-Diehl, & Azouvi, 2012) was used to assess working memory capacity (recalling verbal information, numerical information, attention ability and executive functioning). The results suggest a significantly greater prevalence of physical abuse and witnessing family violence in comparison to other forms of maltreatment in childhood. Psychological abuse and witnessing family violence have shown themselves to be statistically significant predictors for deficits in total working memory capacity, verbal recall and attention ability. The results suggest that traumatic experiences during childhood, such as abuse, may trigger particular cognitive changes which may be reflected in adulthood. It is, therefore, exceedingly important to conduct further research in order to contribute to the understanding of the correlation between cognitive difficulties and maltreatment in childhood.
To retrospectively analyze the rate of multi-type abuse in childhood and the effects of childhood abuse and type of coping strategies on the psychological adaptation of young adults in a sample form ...the student population of the University of Mostar.
The study was conducted on a convenience sample of 233 students from the University of Mostar (196 female and 37 male), with a median age of 20 (interquartile range, 2). Exposure to abuse was determined using the Child Maltreatment Scales for Adults, which assesses emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, neglect, and witnessing family violence. Psychological adaptation was explored by the Trauma Symptom Checklist, which assesses anxiety/depression, sexual problems, trauma symptoms, and somatic symptoms. Strategies of coping with stress were explored by the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations.
Multi-type abuse in childhood was experienced by 172 participants (74%) and all types of abuse by 11 (5%) participants. Emotional and physical maltreatment were the most frequent types of abuse and mostly occurred together with other types of abuse. Significant association was found between all types of abuse (r=0.436-0.778, P<0.050). Exposure to sexual abuse in childhood and coping strategies were significant predictors of anxiety/depression (R(2)=0.3553), traumatic symptoms (R(2)=0.2299), somatic symptoms (R(2)=0.2173), and sexual problems (R(2)=0.1550, P<0.001).
Exposure to multi-type abuse in childhood is a traumatic experience with long-term negative effects. Problem-oriented coping strategies ensure a better psychosocial adaptation than emotion-oriented strategies.
Ovaj rad uključuje pregled neuroznanstvenih istraživanja moralnosti, s naglaskom na moralno rasuđivanje i odlučivanje. Prvi dio rada donosi pregled teorijskih pristupa i konstrukata koji proizlaze iz ...tradicionalnih pristupa koji razmatraju primarnu ulogu kognitivnih procesa ili emocionalnih procesa u moralnome rasuđivanju. Drugi dio rada pruža uvid u neuroznanstvena istraživanja koja razmatraju i potvrđuju ulogu obaju procesa u moralnome rasuđivanju. Glavna su područja mozga uključena u moralno rasuđivanje prefrontalna moždana kora, cingularna kora, amigdala i inzula. Uz navedena se područja aktiviraju i područja sljepoočnoga i tjemenog režnja moždane kore koja se povezuju s teorijom uma. O njihovim se funkcionalnim doprinosima raspravlja, a mnogobrojna istraživanja ukazuju na to da se u podlozi moralnoga rasuđivanja i odlučivanja nalaze kognitivni, emocionalni i motivacijski mehanizmi.
This study explores the phenomenon of sexting among college students through a qualitative research design. Participants took part in online synchronous focus groups where they were asked twelve ...open-ended questions about their experiences with sexting. Overall, 49 Croatian and Bosnia and Herzegovinian students participated in five focus groups. Participants defined sexting as an exchange of sexually explicit content underpinned by a range of motives. Relational motive was seen as the most prevalent reason for sending ones’ own sexts, while the ‘harm motive’ was identified for posting/sharing sexts of other people without their permission. Young persons expressed positive views toward sending their own sexts, particularly if sexting was voluntary and with a trusted person. Posting and/or sharing someone sextswithout the permission of the person depicted in that material or blackmailing someone with posting and/or sharing their sexts were often perceived negatively. Participants noted a number of advantages related to sexting in terms of increasing relationship satisfaction, but also disadvantages related to the risk of distributing sexts to others, or feelings of guilt associated with distributing other people’s sexts. In conclusion, this study contributes to the extant research on sexting by providing perspectives of young persons from Croatian and Bosnian and Herzegovinian regions.
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