Optimization of the enzymatic synthesis of palm fatty hydrazide by the response surface methodology (RSM) was conducted using the Design-Expert 6 software. The palm fatty hydrazide was synthesized ...from refined, bleached and deodorized palm olein (RBDPOo) and neutralized hydrazine monohydrate in the presence of Rhizomucor miehei lipase, Lipozyme RMIM, an immobilized lipase in n-hexane. The reaction conditions such as the percentage of enzyme, reaction temperature, stirring speed and reaction time were selected as independent variables or studied factors, while the amount of crude palm fatty hydrazide obtained was selected as a dependent variable or response. The study was conducted using a central composite design (CCD) at five coded levels and the experimental data were analyzed using a quadratic model. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicates that the model was significant at 95% confidence level with Prob>F of 0.0033, where the regression coefficient value, R2 was 0.8415 and lack-of-fit of 0.0984. A percentage of enzyme of 6%, a reaction temperature of 40°C, a stirring speed of 350 rpm and a reaction time of 18 h were found to be the optimum conditions for the conversion of RBDPOo into palm fatty hydrazide.
The highly strained ring in epoxides makes these compounds very versatile intermediates. Epoxidized vegetable oils are gaining a lot of attention as renewable and environmentally friendly feedstock ...with various industrial applications such as plasticizers, lubricant base oils, surfactants, etc. Numerous papers have been published on the development of the epoxidation methods and the number is still growing. This review reports the synthetic approaches and applications of epoxidized vegetable oils.
The impact of replacing three polyether polyols with different levels of a single palm olein-based natural oil polyol (NOP) was systematically correlated with the changes in foaming reactivity, cell ...structure, physico-mechanical properties, and morphology of viscoelastic (VE) foams. The data show that replacing the polyether polyols with the NOP slightly increased the rate of the foaming reactivity. Increasing the NOP content resulted in increased cell size and cells remained fully open. Increased NOP content contributed to higher load bearing properties of VE foam, which can be attributed to higher functionality of NOP compared to polyether polyols. Addition of the NOP slightly increased the resilience of the foams, however, the hysteresis which is the measure of energy absorption remained mostly unaffected. Age properties, characterized by dry and humid compression sets, were mostly unaffected by the replacement of the polyether polyol with the NOP. The addition of NOP did not impact the morphology of the VE foam polymer matrix, which appears to retain a low degree of hard and soft segment domain separation. Overall, the results demonstrate a feasibility that the NOP can be used to partially replace the polyether polyols in VE polyurethane foams without significant impact on the functional performance.
Soft polyurethane (PU) elastomers with >70% bio-based content and with properties characteristic of pressure sensitive adhesives were prepared from an equimolar ratio of a polyol derived from palm ...oil fatty acid methyl ester (PolyFAME-EG polyol) and palm olein polyols (Pioneer E-135 and Pioneer M-60) cured with 2,4′- and 4,4′- diphenylmethane diisocyanate isomeric mixture at isocyanate to hydroxyl equivalent weight ratio (Isocyanate Index) of 1.02 and 0.73. FTIR analyses of the resulting elastomers indicate high levels of free non-hydrogen bonded urethanes, indicating phase mixing of hard and soft segments, which explains the transparent nature of the elastomers. The physical properties of the elastomers were correlated with the cross-link density of the palm olein polyols and Isocyanate Index. Elastomers produced at an Isocyanate Index of 1.02 ranges in hardness from 21 to 67 Shore A which correlated with the average polyol functionality. However, at an Isocyanate Index of 0.72 the resulting elastomers were very soft with hardness ranging from 1 to 4 Shore A and with T-peel adhesion to polypropylene in the range from 2.27 to 1.98N/25mm. Based on these results, a polyurethane matrix with a high renewable content of palm oil polyols can be used as a platform for the development of transparent elastomers that can be used as soft energy-absorbing materials with potential use in pressure sensitive adhesives.
Urethane-forming reaction kinetics of isocyanate with natural oil polyols (NOPs) with pendant reactive hydroxyls was compared to that of the petroleum based polyether polyol with terminal hydroxyls. ...The non-catalyzed urethane forming kinetic study in toluene shows lower activation energy for pendant hydroxyls of the synthetic and naturally occurring NOP compared to terminal hydroxyls of the polyether polyol. At low temperatures in the non-catalyzed reaction in toluene, the NOPs showed higher reactivity with isocyanate, which was correlated with faster gel time in bulk polymerization. However, in toluene, the reactivity of polyether polyol increases at a faster rate with temperature, and in toluene and bulk reactions the polyether polyol shows higher response to dibutyltin dilaurate catalyst. The results indicate that relative reactivities of NOPs compared to polyether polyols are not necessarily lower in urethane forming reactions, and in fact under certain conditions can be higher, which needs to be taken into consideration during the incorporation of NOPs in polyurethanes.
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