Heavy Metals Causing Toxicity in Fishes Huseen, Hadeel M; Mohammed, Ahmed J
Journal of physics. Conference series,
09/2019, Letnik:
1294, Številka:
6
Journal Article
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The heavy metals mainly include Pb, Hg, Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni, Ag, etc. The heavy metals,Pb,Cu,Zn are considered most toxic to humans, fishes and environment. highly concentrations of heavy metals ...are harmful They destabilize ecosystems because of their bioaccumulation in organisms, and toxic effects on biota and even death in most living beings. All heavy metals, in spite some of them are essential micronutrients, have their toxic effects on living organisms via metabolic interference and mutagenesis. The bioaccumulation of toxic metals can happen in the body and food chain. So, the toxic metals generally exhibit chronic toxicity. The heavy metals like Pb has significant toxic effects-The heavy metals are important pollutants for fishes, because these are not eliminated from aquatic systems by natural methods, such as organic pollutants, and are enriched in mineral organic substances. happen of heavy metals differs in fishes, depending on their age, development and other physiological factors. the fishes are apopulation which can be highly affected by these toxic pollutants. Heavy metals can have toxic effects on different organ-They can enter into the water by drainage, atmosphere, soil erosion, and all human activities in different ways. As the heavy metals concentrated more in the environment, they enter biogeochemical cycle, leading to toxicity.
In this paper, the mechanism of thermal energy transport in swirling flow of the Maxwell nanofluid induced by a stretchable rotating cylinder is studied. The rotation of the cylinder is kept constant ...in order to avoid the induced axially secondary flow. Further, the novel features of heat generation/absorption, thermal radiation, and Joule heating are studied to control the rate of heat transfer. The effects of Brownian and thermophoretic forces exerted by the Maxwell nanofluid to the transport of thermal energy are investigated by utilizing an effective model for the nanofluid proposed by Buongiorno. The whole physical problem of fluid flow and thermal energy transport is modelled in the form of partial differential equations (PDEs) and transformed into nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with the help of the suitable flow ansatz. Numerically acquired results through the technique bvp4c are reported graphically with physical explanation. Graphical analysis reveals that there is higher transport of heat energy in the Maxwell nanoliquid for a constant wall temperature (CWT) as compared with the prescribed surface temperature (PST). Both thermophoretic and Brownian forces enhance the thermal energy transport in the flowing Maxwell nanofluid. Moreover, the temperature distribution increases with increasing values of the radiation parameter and the Eckert number. It is also noted that an increase in Reynolds number reduces the penetration depth, and as a result the flow and transport of energy occur only near the surface of the cylinder.
This paper presents a novel inverse kinematics solution for robotic arm based on artificial neural network (ANN) architecture. The motion of robotic arm is controlled by the kinematics of ANN. A new ...artificial neural network approach for inverse kinematics is proposed. The novelty of the proposed ANN is the inclusion of the feedback of current joint angles configuration of robotic arm as well as the desired position and orientation in the input pattern of neural network, while the traditional ANN has only the desired position and orientation of the end effector in the input pattern of neural network. In this paper, a six DOF Denso robotic arm with a gripper is controlled by ANN. The comprehensive experimental results proved the applicability and the efficiency of the proposed approach in robotic motion control. The inclusion of current configuration of joint angles in ANN significantly increased the accuracy of ANN estimation of the joint angles output. The new controller design has advantages over the existing techniques for minimizing the position error in unconventional tasks and increasing the accuracy of ANN in estimation of robot’s joint angles.
Knowledge of thalamocortical (TC) processing comes mainly from studying core thalamic systems that project to middle layers of primary sensory cortices. However, most thalamic relay neurons comprise ...a matrix of cells that are densest in the "nonspecific" thalamic nuclei and usually target layer 1 (L1) of multiple cortical areas. A longstanding hypothesis is that matrix TC systems are crucial for regulating neocortical excitability during changing behavioral states, yet we know almost nothing about the mechanisms of such regulation. It is also unclear whether synaptic and circuit mechanisms that are well established for core sensory TC systems apply to matrix TC systems. Here we describe studies of thalamic matrix influences on mouse prefrontal cortex using optogenetic and in vitro electrophysiology techniques. Channelrhodopsin-2 was expressed in midline and paralaminar (matrix) thalamic neurons, and their L1-projecting TC axons were activated optically. Contrary to conventional views, we found that matrix TC projections to L1 could transmit relatively strong, fast, high-fidelity synaptic signals. L1 TC projections preferentially drove inhibitory interneurons of L1, especially those of the late-spiking subtype, and often triggered feedforward inhibition in both L1 interneurons and pyramidal cells of L2/L3. Responses during repetitive stimulation were far more sustained for matrix than for core sensory TC pathways. Thus, matrix TC circuits appear to be specialized for robust transmission over relatively extended periods, consistent with the sort of persistent activation observed during working memory and potentially applicable to state-dependent regulation of excitability.
Conjugate heat transfer is an important area of research which has been in demand due to its applications related to various scientific and engineering fields. The current research is focused to ...study the heat transfer in a porous medium sandwiched between two solid walls of an annular vertical cylinder. The prime focus of the current study was to evaluate the effect of solid wall thickness, the influence of variable wall thickness at inner and the outer radius, the conductivity ratio and the solid wall conductivity ratio on the heat transfer characteristics of the porous medium. The surface at inner and outer radii of the annulus is maintained isothermally at
T
h
and
T
∞
such that
T
h
>
T
∞
. The governing partial differential equations for the conjugate heat transfer in porous medium and that of solid walls are converted into a set of algebraic equations with the help of finite element method and then solved simultaneously to predict the temperature variation in the solid wall as well as the porous region of the annular domain.
•Experimental study on heat and moisture transport in pine using NMR.•One-dimensional transport during heating of exposed surface with halogen lamps.•Different principal transport directions have ...different transport characteristics.•Direct observation of a local peak in moisture content.•Transport characteristics captured by simple two-phase model with coupling term.
The quantification of moisture transport in heated wood is relevant to several fields, e.g. for lumber drying and processing and for fire safety risk assessment. We present non-destructive and simultaneous measurements of the moisture content and temperature distributions in pine wood during unilateral exposure to a heat source. The moisture content is measured by a nuclear magnetic resonance setup specifically built for the evaluation of moisture transport in porous materials at elevated temperatures. Temperature profiles are obtained by thermocouples placed at different distances from the exposed surface. While the temperature rises, a peak in the moisture content is formed, which travels towards the unexposed surface. The velocity of the moisture content peak depends on the principal direction in which transport occurs, as confirmed by experiments. Numerical simulations of moisture transport are performed which can qualitatively reproduce the behavior observed in experiments. Moreover, several characteristics, such as the timescale and non-linearity of the moisture peak position, are well captured. The influence of several input parameters, such as the permeability and diffusion coefficient, on the moisture peak dynamics is elaborately explored.
Highlights • A systematic review of sinonasal morbidity following EESBS. • The most common sinonasal symptoms are crusting, discharge and airflow blockage. • Epistaxis appears to be a rare event in ...EESBS. • Middle turbinate preservation is associated with lower morbidity. • Symptoms usually resolve within 3–4 months, however, sometimes they can be permanent.
An investigation has been conducted on AZ91 magnesium alloy processed in high-pressure torsion (HPT) at 296, 423 and 473 K for different numbers of turns. The microstructure has altered significantly ...after processing at all processing temperatures. Extensive grain refinement has been observed in the alloy processed at 296 K with apparent grain sizes reduced down to 35 nm. Segmentation of coarse grains by twinning has been observed in the alloy processed at 423 K and 473 K with average apparent grain sizes of 180 nm and 250 nm. Substantial homogeneity in microhardness has been observed in the alloy processed at 296 K compared to that found at 423 K and 473 K. The ultrafine-grained AZ91 alloy exhibited a significant dependence of the yield strength on grain size as shown by the microhardness measurements, and it obeys the expected Hall–Petch relationship. The alloying elements, fraction of nano-sized particles of β-phase, and the dominance of basal slip and pyramidal modes have additional effects on the strengthening of the alloy processed at 296 K.
One of the most peculiar groups of the mostly colonial phylum Bryozoa is the taxon Monobryozoon, whose name already implies non-colonial members of the phylum. Its peculiarity and highly unusual ...lifestyle as a meiobenthic clade living on sand grains has fascinated many biologists. In particular its systematic relationship to other bryozoans remains a mystery. Despite numerous searches for M. ambulans in its type locality Helgoland, a locality with a long-lasting marine station and tradition of numerous courses and workshops, it has never been reencountered until today. Here we report the first observations of this almost mythical species, Monobryozoon ambulans.
For the first time since 1938, we present new modern, morphological analyses of this species as well as the first ever molecular data. Our detailed morphological analysis confirms most previous descriptions, but also ascertains the presence of special ambulatory polymorphic zooids. We consider these as bud anlagen that ultimately consecutively separate from the animal rendering it pseudo-colonial. The remaining morphological data show strong ties to alcyonidioidean ctenostome bryozoans. Our morphological data is in accordance with the phylogenomic analysis, which clusters it with species of Alcyonidium as a sister group to multiporate ctenostomes. Divergence time estimation and ancestral state reconstruction recover the solitary state of M. ambulans as a derived character that probably evolved in the Late Cretaceous. In this study, we also provide the entire mitogenome of M. ambulans, which-despite the momentary lack of comparable data-provides important data of a unique and rare species for comparative aspects in the future.
We were able to provide first sequence data and modern morphological data for the unique bryozoan, M. ambulans, which are both supporting an alcyonidioidean relationship within ctenostome bryozoans.
The primary motive of this research investigation is to explore out by enforcing the sun powered energy in the present hybrid electric vehicles, which signifies precipitous plummet in pollutants and ...harmful contaminants of environment. Solar powered coercing vehicles are environmental friendly however can't attain to most reliable speed in certain specific time-interval. The operational functioning of two dissimilar fuels collectively may be one of the most advantageous aspects of this novel concept. CATIA V5R19 is appropriate podium for the design outlining of vehicles which this particular research study is aiming. After analyzing the blueprint layout, for computation or estimating of forces, load, internal resisting force and lateral strain performing at the front and rear collisions of structural body-on-frames, ANSYS 13.0 version platform was utilized for software primarily based modeling and simulation. Output statistics or facts figures are premeditated to determine the technical factors of solar powered hybrid vehicles. Solar hybrid electric vehicles have high competencies of an overall recital as its enormous arrangement of traditional fuel engine, possesses high powered electric-vehicle-battery & solar photo-voltaic panel modules.
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